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Ferguson Appropriate Agricultural Research Development CARICOM IRF 1983

...water management and other cultural practices date from the dawn of civilization. In where conditions are short, favorable farm managers and workers have been and can continue to be a vital and important force in technology adaptation and by positive example, its dessimmation to other farm businesses. (The farmer line. Figure 1) In most cases, FSR programs are administratively linked to research agencies. However, within the R&D process, extension diffusion services can play an equally critical role. As a point of departure, the extension ser- vices, and others working in social science disciplines may assist by en- couraging what I will label the community innovation process (Figure 2). Following for convenience a parallel three stage model, community knowledge, values and skills at a given point in time define production opportunities. As knowledge, skills and values change, than communities and individuals may choose to modify their individual and collective use of productive re- sources. The rate of change and acquisition of knowledge and skills as =1g Figure 2: Items Involved in Community Innovation Process Community knowledge, Plans to recombine or repro- Community Adoption values and skills gram available land labor, support by indi- capital and management as and legit- vidual...

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Ramcharan George Morris 1983 Avocado Production Marketing CVI Extension Bulletin4

...and is not anise-scented. Fruits are variable in form and size, the skin is thin— rarely thicker than 1/16"'—and soft and pliable. The Mexican race originated in highland areas, and is well adapted to cool conditions in the tropics and to subtropical areas with a Mediterranean type climate. It is the most cold- hardy of the races of avocado, but is poorly adapted to conditions of high humidity and temperature, and to fungal diseases which ac- company such a climate. It is intolerant of calcareous soils and high soil salinity. The leaves are anise-scented and fruits are smaller than the other two races. The fruits are smooth and thin-skinned and ripen 6 to 8 months after blossoming. The flavor of its fruits may be good, but their small size and large seed make them undesirable for market. The Guatemalan race of avocado is inter- mediate between the West Indian and the Mex- ican races in adaptation to soil and climate conditions. The foliage is darker green in color than the West Indian race, and when crushed is not anise-scented as in the Mexican. The fruit skin is woody and thick (1/16'" to 1...

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StKitts Nevis Land Use Plan Pragmacorp RLA-82-004 Aug1984

...Iron e mos GSC a fFfect n a Yo EY : o4 s ag w as n become n . Very acid soils can be o N 3 # toxig to na manganes become more scluble as acid n a a tually become xi L, to plant roots At PH 1 1t I ; 4T j 10 f1 vamag e c s 3 bDeare k a i ke S ws e & e 2] : =) e B £ vih 4 i tz n 2 are apl o and bu s Of depos n =1 < ills l v reservoirs, uses enis ! aguifers. A 3 are Taxt Soil 18 a, r changed, structure @ 24 £ Ve ’ i re uced and flields are 18 o &, s _— | S, - = = | =5 o 5 S -, - | \ | 8.0 .. TROGEN N s e t N NE S ~ ) ._ RiA = = N 5 4 o ! [ = | / L BACT i L } / = £ = e ol , { o B { R l i i — P S SV ! e & { ] .. g T { i o L. m l - CNSH i i N A ~ = = T 5 trie = 3 U " Y = N Aar iz ja | 3 = 0...

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1989 Eisenberg Back to Eden Atlantic Wes Jackson Prairie Agriculture

...not about to market, a dif- 78 NOVEMBER 1989 THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY e o T ferent mix for every square foot of his land. Yet this is In one of our conversations I asked Jackson if, while what nature does. Our image of native prairie is of end- breeding his optimal mix for high yield, high protein, easy harvesting, and so on, he would leave in enough di- less sameness, but in truth the flora shifts kaleidoscopi- cally, inch by inch, like some of the better minimalist versity to provide some of the adaptive properties of a music. Although chance (where a seed falls) plays a role natural ecosystem. He said yes, but that was the “long- in the arrangement, adaptation (whether a seed survives, range ideal”; compromise would be necessary in the whether a rhizome thrives) has the last word. Such diver- short run. “The question becomes, how much of a purist sity is not something agriculture suffers gladly. “The agri- do you want to be?” Some of his customers, I suggested, culturist seeks to homogenize the environment,” Jackson would want something fairly uniform, something they recognized as farming; others would want to go back to says. “Homo is...

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IDRC AFNS Crop Animal Production Systems Program Overview

...animal production systems, and crop-animal systems and agroforestry. Cropping Systems Smallholders in developing countries have to ensure that they produce adequate food to feed their families as well as a surplus to sell for essential purchases. Shortage of land is a major constraint, especially in Asia and parts of Latin America. The productive poten- tial of the land varies widely depending on soil type, topography, and climate. The weather, pests, and access to labour and credit are variables that often threaten survival, especially of the poorest farmers. Under these generally adverse conditions, farmers have developed traditional cropping patterns and practices and have selected crop varieties that are least vulnerable and best adapted. This process of trial and error is now too slow because so many other changes affect the production environment. Increased popula- tion growth has reduced farm size and led to the cultivation of less fertile land. The short-term expediency of removing tree cover for more frequent cropping has in turn caused the erosion of fragile soils. Although, in recent years, emphasis in new cropping systems projects has shifted from Asia to Latin America and Africa, IDRC’s most comprehensive experience has been in Asia. Since 1975...

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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...will necessitate close examination of the usual variables: institutional, biological, technological, marketing, etc. | consider it useful to attempt to share the somewhat contrasting levels of optimism on the potential for technology transfer in aquaculture. The first is from an article in the Winter 1977-78 issue of Crown Agents Quarterly Review which states that “It is not surprising to note that the live food chains employed in the larval rearing of marine fish in temperate climates bear similarity to those used for tropical prawns; technologists of either systems could change places and quickly learn the culture require- ments.” On the other hand, Matsuda, a Fellow from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, tells us that aquaculture is “one of the most difficult businesses in the world” and stresses the need for people to be “ready for it.” He refers to “many past failures” of international and governmental assistance in the development of aquaculture because of “extreme and inflexible assumptions,” many of which do not relate to the precision of technical parameters. Your seminar will no doubt involve many points of view on this particular issue. In its White Paper on Agriculture, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has expressed concern...

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ECA 1993 Appraisal Monitoring Evaluation Biotechnology Agricultural Development Africa

...other high-volume crops. s costs of laboratory analysis are reduced by refinements in techniques and automation this technology will be useful for breeding plants with better adaptation to arid environments in Africa. 23 Recombinant DNA technology is theé most powerful and basic of all the biotechnologies. 8/. In essence this technology consists of transferring the appropriate sequence of DNA nucleotide bases (the gene) from one organism to another. The process is accomplished by first identifying a source of the genetic trait, "snipping" it out of the DNA strand with an appropriate restriction enzyme and then incorporating the DNA sequence into a vector or "transfer agent” and then putting the recombinant vector into a bacterial or eukaryotic cell. 24 The bacterial cell, often Agrobacterium tumefaciens, can then carry the gene along as it penetrates cells of the target species. Once inside the cell, the DNA sequence may be incorporated into the genome of the target species. Suitable vectors have not been developed for all crop species, especially the cereal grains such as corn and rice. 25 However, using electroporation or other membrane-permeable methods, protoplast fusion has been achieved which may change the need for vectors. A number of particle...

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Wilken 1985 Role of Traditional Agriculture in Preserving Biological Diversity

...and yard animals graze fallow fields and unused field edges, or convert garden and household waste into useful products. o Microenvironment Exploitation the have a for monotoous Al though tropics reputation climates, in fact there 18 a great deal of variation even over short distances. This 1S particularly true in mountainous regions which often are heavily settled and farmed. Temperature, rainfall, and soils change rapidly by elevation and slope aspect so that single villages or even individual farms may have lands in several distinct ecological Zones. (Brush 1977a; 1977b). Even flatlands have marked changes over short distances (Denevan 1984; < Sternberg 1964). A diversity of environments is exploited with a diversity of crops and animals, each group of which is able to take advantage of a specific microenvironment. Environmental Hazards Similarly diversity a strategy against environmental hazards. Typically farmers plant several varieties, especially of the basic crops, to insure against total loss in the event of adverse environmental events. For example, drought tolerant varieties or species provide a crop even generally dry conditions ar mid-summer droughts ccur (Wilken 1982). Other varieties may be resistant to disease or insects. Animal adaptation to local conditions, especially stress elements such as heat...

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Demas 1987 Agricultural Diversification Caribbean Community CDB Statement

...demands of the domestic market; sustain- ability, to maintain adequate levels of production in the future; and to reduce the stability adverse effects of both the inherent instability of agricul- tural output and the periodic swings associated with cyclical changes in the economic environment, including the effect of such changes on prices and supplies of imported food I am sure that you will find it of great inter- est to learn that the Government of that most indus- trially successful country - Singapore - is now plan- ning for a greater measure of food- security through increased local production, making use, of course, of ¢ land-saving high-technology methods of production. Obviously, complete food self-sufficiency for the Caribbean (as indeed for most countries) is not a feasible goal, given the absence of the extremely wide range of natural resources to be found in very large countries where the existence of continental-type widely different climates, rainfall, topography and soil types makes it possible to produce at home an extremely wide range of virtually ev type of food- stuff and animal feedingstuffs. Because of constraints in the range of natural resources of the individual CARICOM' countries, food security has to be...

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USAID Evaluation News Vol9 No2 1997 Investments Agriculture Environment Forestry Performance Monitoring

...America Asia & & Caribbean Pacific Source: FAO, 1993. Forest Resources Assessment 1990 ne of the alarming realities of the late 20th century is the loss of forest cover in O many parts of the world. A recent UN study found that the area of tropical forest decreased by an average of 0.8 percent a year from 1980 through 1990. In real terms, that represents a decline to 6,795,500 square miles from 7,374,500. Similar shortfalls are felt in other types of forests as well (see figure below). USAID fosters sustainable local stewardship of forests as part of its strategy to reduce threats to the global environment—in particular, possible climate change and loss of biological diversity. To promote local stewardship, the Agency has been funding farm and community forestry (sometimes called social forestry) since the early 1970s. The effort uses four strategies: building institutional capacity, introducing appropriate practices, improving education and awareness, and reforming natural resource policies. Worldwide, most international funding for farm and community forestry has a history of less than 15 years. Only a few projects have been in place long enough to complete a full cycle of activities. Yet experience has been accumulating rapidly...

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Wilken GeneC 1991 Sustainable Agriculture is the Solution But What is the Problem BIFADEC OccasionalPaper14

...land. A new classification is called for that would include managerial potentials for sustainable production. Sustainability is rightly viewed holistically. But broadening the concept too much risks con- fusing ecologic processes with socially defined concepts of equity, and may generate opposi- tion to sustainable programs. The primary focus of sustainability should remain agronomic. Since sustainability is a concept familiar to most farmers, destructive, non-sustainable prac- tices need explanation. Circumstances that lead to poor practices include ignorance of envi- ronmental processes, new or inappropriate technology, inadequate managerial resources, unfamiliar ecosystems, restrictive land tenure arrangements, population pressure, climate change, and government policies. External circumstances may so deform on-farm decision- making environments that rational farmers choose non-sustainable practices. e e SS n O O G BN N N Despite the logic of sustainable agriculture, there are inherent conflicts in the concept it- self. These arise from trade-offs between production and conservation, resource allocation, short- and long-term objectives, differing participant perspectives, and incongruities in time and space. The primary purpose of a sustainable agriculture policy is to resolve these con- flicts. Ecologic and economic accounting differ in their use of indicators, scale, and time. They also lack common linkages...

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Bilsborrow 1987 Population Pressures Agricultural Development Conceptual Framework Evidence

...10 continue to have higher rates of net rural-urban migration than other regions for some years to come. See also Kelley and Williamson (1984). 16 The tocus s primarily on the opposite relationship — or the effects of technological change on population growth, and on histoncal evidence. See also note 4 17 Other possible consequences cited in Section 3 could be discussed but are evidently beyond the scope of this paper. For example, arable land is being increasingly covered over (by ur ization and roads) or ruined by poor agricultural practices and excessive withdrawal of ground water in ny arcas (Brown, 1978). There may be some positive effect on hours worked (sce Boserup, 1965; Hirschman, 1958: but also see Bilsborrow, 1977). Environmental deterioration in soil quality is discussed in Eckholm (1976). Brown (1978). and others (c.g.. on the Ecuadorean Sierra, see Arias, 1962). However, while such deterioration has undoubtedly occurred, the role of population density per se has not been clearly demonstrated. 18. Of course, this is partly a consequence of a warmer climate conducive to more intensive land use and crop selection (such as rice in contrast to wheat or corn). It should be noted that Boserup (p...

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StVincent Agricultural Development Project PID 1983

...Moreover, the effectiveness of regionally supportive services is very dependen implement programs offered by non-national inst t on national capacity to itutions. RDO/C, therefore, is not proposing any major change from the elements of the agricultural strategy presented in the FY-83 CDSS, but rather proposes to utilize bilateral assistance to St. Vincent to compliment on-going regional activities and to engage aspects of s solution. pecific problems that are inappropriate for regional The project proposed there fore is totally consistent with RDO/C's overall agricultural assistance str ategy. on-going regional efforts, In addition to complimenting assistance to focus cn imme tie bilateral nature of the project will enable AID diate high priority needs of St. Vincent , increase St. Vincent's capacity to more effectivel y absorb available development resources, and promote needed policy modi fications aimed at increasing investment and profitability in the agric ulture sector. 2= S — e e e o 212 . PROJECT DESCRIPTION Vincentian agriculture is favored by some good soils, a climate which permits year-round production, and a capable work force. A diverse array of commodities is produced for both local consumption and exp ort. However, tctal agricultural production is inevitably...

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Monthly Bulletin Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Bermuda Vol7N April2000

...of responsibility to preserve the environment. Finally, three delegates between the ages of 10 and 12 years will attend the United Nations Youth Conference on the Environment. This event will take place May 22 - 28 2000, in the United Kingdom. The delegates selected to attend this affair must meet a few requirements such as active membership in an organization that has demonstrated a commitment to preserving the environment and the delegates must prepare a paper that outlines opportunities and ways that young people can make positive changes for the health of the environment. As the commencement of the conference draws near the committee is anticipating discovering the full potential of the “New Bermuda”. Our belief is that a new Bermuda is one that maximizes all opportunities to develop the leadership potential of the youth because they are one of Bermuda’s most precious resources. The BAMZ and BZS mission statement is “...to inspire care and appreciation of island environments,” and we believe this view may lead to a genuine concern for wider issues facing Bermuda. Stay tuned for more conference details and other Bermuda Earthday activities. Events will be osted via the local media. Also a youth conference supplement is...

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Browne 1985 Agricultural Land Development StVincentGrenadines MA Dissertation Chapter4

...developing countries A Institute of Planning Studies University of Nottingham May 1985 o AD B % % S - Y E & &) e (. . L. CHAPTER FOUR [E | Agricultural land development in St Vincent and_the Grenadines This chapter is concerned with the major issues rel ated to agricultural land development. It begins with an outline of the agricultural system then discusses the problems and constraints. It then examines the uul policie S pursued in the post colonial pe riod and finally suggests a broad strategy for agricultural land development. avourable soils, relief and climate las led to agricultural land being historically the major resource for development in St Vincent and the Grenadines.40% of the land area (35,000 out 85,000 acres) is classified as agricultural and is used for the production of a wide range of tropical produce. (See table 1). The bulk of the agricultrual land is located on mainland St Vincent. y Character istics of St Vincent's agriculture Table 1 LAND USE DISTRIBUTION ON THE ST VINCENT ISLAND, 1975 Acres N Cultivation 20,830 24.5 Tree Crops 155 8 Pasture 6,080 7.8 Total Agriculture 34,0665 40.8 Forest Reserve 520 8.8 Other forest...

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1989 Courier115 StVincentGrenadines Bananas Economy DevelopmentAid

...it is true, but their contribution to the ventured to swim) erupted, marking a truly explosive beginning to the island’s independent history. No one was hurt, and, with advances in country’s development is otherwise limited to the employment they eismic monitoring it is unlikely that there will be casualties in any attract (including a sprinkling of butl- future eruptions. What will shake the country in coming years— ers and valets) and to the stimulus socially, economically and, as likely as not, politically—will not be they give to local services. Govern- Soufriere, but rather a change in the trading arrangements of its ment has stated that it will not be economic mainstay, bananas. No one as yet knows if this volcano will possible in future for the smaller erupt, but its present rumblings are worrying St. Vincent’s leaders more islands to be bought up by expatriate than La Soufriere ever did or ever will. individuals or expatriate enterprises, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, as cays, of which the biggest are Bequia and indeed the whole question of the sale of land to non-Vincentians is now the country is properly called, consists (7 square miles), Canouan and...

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Thomson 1987 GreenGold BananasDependency EasternCaribbean LAB

...America Bureau Trade distribution by Third World Publications, 151 Stratford Road, Birmingham B11 1RD Distributed in USA and Canada by Monthly Review Foundation, New York Typeset, printed and bound by Russell Press, Nottingham Contents Ma vi Statistical profile of the Eastern Caribbean v Introduction Enslavement From sugar to bananas Bananas and communism Towards independence Winds of change ‘Persistent poverty’ 1The international banana market 13 The producers 14 The markets 17 The multinationals 18 The international banana industry: future prospects 24 27 2 Geest: Paternalism and profits The early years: from bulbs to bananas 27 ‘We have no bananas 28 Quotas, tariffs and a guaranteed market 28 Geest buysits way in 29 31 Thirty years of expansion: minimising risks, maximising profits The Growers’ Assocations 34 Land 37 Bad publicity 38 The final sell-off 39 A safe harbour 39 The Economic League Geest PLC 41 Mutual dependency? 43 3Banana work: How the Caribbean farmer earns his ‘ten per cent’ 45 A risky business 45 Fieldpacking 52 57 From port to shop Who takes the risks? 58 4 Case studies 59 St Lucia 59 Dominica 73 Grenada 77 Conclusion Alternatives 85 Bibliography 91 The Song of the Banana Man Touris, white man...

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Harpy 1939 Soil Erosion StVincent TropAgriVol16No3 pp58-65

...sown in rows on contour banks, luxuriant vegetation to an altitude of 2,000 feet, i but and mosses and ferns had re-established lequate provision is seldom made for surface themselves within the new crater. The flora drainage, so that, during heavy showers, the banks frequently break down through the then comprised over 150 species of higher plants, accumulation of water behind them, n the mostly forest trees, but the greater part of the water onto the lower banks, and eventually vegetation had sprung from old roots not killed starting erosion channels. by the hot volcanic ejecta. At the present time, It would therefore appear that climate, the re-afforested region of Soufri¢re has attained topography and the nature of the crops comr ly comparative stability ; soil formation is slowly n, proceeding and keeping pace with, or actually grown in t. Vincent all favour rapid soil er exceeding, surface crosion. In 1933, thirty years yet over considerable areas of steeply-sloping country, crosion is not so severe as might be after the cruptions, surface soil samples collected expected. Other areas suffer very badly, by the writer at ten different sites within the however, and all the known types of...

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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...to Hope (1986), agriculture’s GDP contribution for four of the larger countries -- Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad/Tobago -- fell an average of ten percentage points between 1960-80. In smaller islands like Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts/Nevis, and St. Vincent, decreases in agriculture’s share of GDP have averaged 20 points over the same period (Axline, 1986). These changes have been accompanied by parallel reductions in rural employment and a sharply rising trend toward small- scale production. Weir (1981) estimates that over 90 percent of all farms in the English-speaking islands contain less than 25 acres. Most contain less than 10 acres; yet this small farm sector produces most domestic fruits and vegetables. Agricultural decline has been particularly marked in the subset of small Eastern Caribbean islands undergoing economic restructuring towards tourism and export manufacturing and experiencing increased urbanization and immigration (McElroy and de Albuquerque, 1988). Several writers have alleged that these 2 emerging modern growth-intensive sectors, especially labor-intensive tourism, have directly competed land and labor resources away from traditional rural pursuits (Bryden, 1974; Weaver, 1988). This direct displacement thesis has been a subtheme of several case studies: in Antigua (Richards, 1983), in the Bahamas (Glover...

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Powell 1977 Voyage HMS Providence Breadfruit Introduction West Indies

...Being an estate owner himself, Campbell was very much interested i n the breadfruit project. and knowing William Bligh to be a capable person, he recommended him to Sir Joseph Banks as a suitable commander for the expeditio n. (Camphil also offered one of his ships for sale to the Navy for the purpose.) By coincidence, Tahiti too was a happy choice of island. Not only were the inhabitants friendly and known to Bligh, but that island is about as far south of the Equator as Jamaica is north, the hi Jamaica’s highest peak, and thei r climat ighest mountain in Tahiti is just 50 feet less than es are therefore similar. According to Lieutenant Tobin, Tahiti is very much liki e St. Vincent. It is true that failed in It is true that Bligh failed in his first attempt—the story of the mutiny on the Bounty is well known. But his experiences on that voyage made him even better qualified for a second attempt. He was that much more familiar with the Pacific, with rearing plants on board, and with the car spent more than five months in Tahiti, he had ¢ of sailors on a long...

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Keegan et al 1996 Bibliography of Caribbean Archaeology Bullen Research Library FLMNH

...MS, History Department, University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. Higuera-Gundy, Antonia 1991 Antillean Vegetational History and Paleoclimate Reconstructed from the Paleolimnological Record of Lake Miragoane, Haiti. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville. Hinds, R. and M. H. Harris 1995 Pottery from Mustique. Fifteenth IACA, San Juan, pp. 459-470. Hodell, D. A., J. H. Curtis, G. A. Jones, A. Higuera-Gundy, M. Brenner, M. W. Binford, and K. T. Dorsey 1991 Reconstruction of Caribbean climate change over the past 10,500 years. Nature 352: 790-793. Hodge, F. W., editor 1922 Guide to the collections from the West Indies. Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York 38:1-38. Hodges, William H. 1995 How we found Puerto Real. In Deagan, K. (ed.), Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 9-32. Hodges, W. H., K. Deagan, and E. J. Reitz, 1995 The natural and cultural settings of Puerto Real. In Deagan, K. (ed.), Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 51- 82. Hoff, B. J. 1995 Language contact, war, and...

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Pregill Steadman Watters 1994 Late Quaternary Vertebrate Faunas Lesser Antilles Carnegie Mus Nat Hist Bull 30

...P. CHABANAUD. 36 BULLETIN CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 30 la faune Précolombienne de L’Anse-Belleville. Pp. 259-274, in Contribution a Iarchéologie de la Martinique, Le Gise- ment de ’Anse-Belleville (H. Reichlen and P. Barret, eds.), Journal Société des Americanistes de Paris (n.s.), 32:227- 259. GoopwiN, R. C. 1979. The Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of St. Kitts, West Indies: A Case Study in Island Archaeology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissert., Arizona State University, Tem- pe, 514 pp. GUILDERSON, T. P., R. G. FAIRBANKS, AND J. L. RUBENSTONE. 1993. Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: Modulating interhemispheric climate change. Science, 263:663-665. GURNEE, J., ed. 1989. A Study of Fountain National Park and Fountain Cavern, Anguilla, British West Indies. National Speleological Foundation, Closter, New Jersey, 48 pp. HACKENBERGER, S. 1991. Archaeological test excavation of Buc- cament Valley Rockshelter, St. Vincent: Preceramic stone tools in the Windward Islands, and the early peopling of the eastern Caribbean. Pp. 86-91, in Proceedings of the 13th International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, eds.), Reports of the Archaeolog- ical-Anthropological Institute of the Netherlands Antilles, 9, 982 pp. HaARrris, D. R. 1965...

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Potter 1978 Amerindians Guyana Environment CaribbeanHistoriansConference

...h influences may v in some con to c and ccs They in fact b h cpon us H k1 d to the New Guinea hmu sn is 1 h f "vd " he t nvms of n mnn aroups have ch v cna over s 140 s since ncn and the of and missinary interest and contact in the 1830's and 1840's The literature 2 detailing the journeys of Hilhouse and the Schomburgks, the early missionary activities of Bernau,-Ysy and Brett, and the administrative reportsof McClintock provide a kind of baseline from which-to measure subsequent changes The timing of the invasion of alien people and ideas:intc specific territories depended largely on their distance from the coast, also Ap their attractiveness to the outsiders. The physical aspects of environment - topography, climate, soils even vegetation - might be thought of as immutable withina time span of 140 years At the macro-scale this is largely true, but th whole process of "penetration" and "development has resulted in many ecological changes at the micro-scale or local level Forests are cleared for roads and airstrips, for timber extraction or mining activities. Metals and cres are taken from the earth...

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Document 6917900d

...the physical environment, are of course crucial to human adaptation. By physical environment we mean the habitat of the population in question, characterized by peculiarities of terrain, climate and resources including other life forms. l T Ideology refers to beliefs, values and other socially patterned thought- ways. This facet of culture like others reflects and acts upon the other do- mains in the human ecology model and is in some ways the most recalcitrant in the face of pressures for change. In social research it is exceedingly important to keep in mind that these various elements have to be taken into account together as an imper- fectly interrelated whole in which the state of “adjustment” among the various “boxes” is constantly being disturbed because changes in one are not accompanied automatically and immediately by compensating changes in the others. Strains and contradictions emerge in the system, and their abatement is the focus of a wide range of processes within and among societies, as will be illustrated in the present study. Our central notion is that because of the interdependence among the domains in the human ecology network, a change in one part necessitates changes in the other parts, but these...

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Watters Rouse 1989 Environmental Diversity Maritime Adaptations Caribbean BAR S506

...but largely replaced by mollusk remains in the upper, Ostionoid levels. This has been interpreted as evidence for a subsistence strategy change to terrestrial protein sources from the maritime sources used by the previous Archaic age population. A recent study by Elizabeth Wing (1989) of the faunal remains from the Hacienda Grande site in Puerto Rico shows, however, that the Saladoid inhabitants relied equally on terrestrial and maritime sources. The Ostionoid Indians continued to depend primarily upon horticulture when they finally expanded beyond the Saladoid frontier into Hispaniola, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and most of Cuba, bringing the Ceramic age to those islands. Veloz Maggiolo (1983:18) notes that they relied more heavily on agriculture in the fertile interior valleys of Hispaniola than on the north coast, where soils were poorer and seafood was more readily available. Maritime subsistence strategies became even more important as they moved into the Bahamas, where good farmland was less common and the climate in the north was too cool for the growth of manioc, their primary crop (Sears and Sullivan 1978:23). What is rarely addressed for early ceramic groups in the Caribbean is spatial variation in maritime adaptations. Yet, given the diversity of environments...

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Dirks 1972 Networks Groups Adaptation RumBay BVI Man v7n4

...is often used as a kind of reference in the courst e of de scribing one’s position in the community. REFERENCES ifts and poison. Oxford: Blackwell. Bailey, F. G. 1971. Gi litical process. In Loc al-level politics (ed.) Marc J. Swartz. Barnes, J. A. 1968. Networks and pol Chicago: Aldine. Boissevain, Jeremy 1968. The plact ¢ of non-groups in the social sciences. Man (N.S.) 3, 542-56. Bott, Elizabeth 1971. Family and social networks (2nd edn). London: Tavistock. Bowden, Marty J. ef al. 1970. Climate, water balance and climatic change in the north-west Virgin Islands. St Thomas: Caribbean Research Institute. 5 d. A preliminary development and land Corbin, Milton, Robert Fisher, Henry Klumb ef al. n. A San Juan. use program for the British Virgin Islands. Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge, Curtin, Philip 1955. Two Jamaicas: the role of ideas in a trop ical colony 1830-1865. Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. dies population census 1960: census of the British Virgin Department of Statistics n.d. West Ir Islands. Jamaica: Department of Statistics. | MAN, DECEMBER 1972, VOL, 7, NO. 4 584 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 1968. Evolution: evolution and behavior. In International encyclo- pedia of the social sciences, vol...

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Gould 1969 CharacterVariation LandSnails DutchLeewardIslands SystematicZoology v18n2 pp185-200

...Davies, axp E. A. Moyv. 1963. A biometric analysis of development in Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. (Hemiptera: Pyrrho- coridae). Growth, 27:317-334. Bovce, A. J. 1964. The value of some methods of numerical taxonomy with reference to homo- noid classification. Pp. 47-65, in V. H. Hey- wood and J. McNeill (eds.), Phenetic and phylogenetic classification. Systematics Associ- ation Publ. No. 6. London. Bovcort, A. E. 1934. The habitats of land Mollusca in Britain. J. Ecol., 22:1-38. Busong, P. H. pE. 1964. Marine terraces and sub-aeric sediments on the Netherlands Leeward Islands Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire, as indica- tions of Quaternary changes in sea level and climate. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, 67:60-79. Buzas, M. A. 1967. An application of canonical analysis as a method for comparing faunal areas. J. Anim. Ecol., 36:563-577. CLENCH, 1957. w. J. A catalogue of the Cerionidae (Mollusca-Pulmonata). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 116:121-169. CramproN, H. E. 1916. Studies on the varia- tion, distribution and evolution of the genus Carn. Partula. The species inhabiting Tahiti. Inst. Washington Publ. 228:1-311. CravrproN, H. E. 1925. Studies on the varia- genus tion, distribution and evolution of the 199...

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DeBooy Investigations Virgin Islands Aborigines Magens Bay ScientificAmericanSupplement2180 1917

...k | ! J A i - ‘et a I < 3 o o M t 13 are due to b Mortensen Charlotte Any , S Thomas, In order to uderstand the metheds by which ab- original vi ses are xeneraliy ated in the West Irdies, it e woll te preface this article by stating that after arriving on whatever island he wishes to te he archeologist beg by asking the native agriculr whether they live over noticed any larze gquantities of shells on the land they POSSeSS, The reason for this query is that the early inhabitants of the West Indies made shell-food one of the prin- cipal articles of their diet; that, after eating the mol- v inve: luses, they naturally threw the empty shells in heaps near their dwellings and as these shells cannot be de- stroyed by the climate, they remain today as mute evidence of the location of the pre-historic village. In consequence, if the visiting archeologist finds a native who assures him of large shell deposits on is little farm, aud the report proves to be true, there is absolute certainty that the finding of Indian artifacts remuins but a matter of excavating. The re-...

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Gussler 1975 Nutritional Implications Distribution Networks StKitts Physical Geography History

...55 other species survived, of course, and some are actually protected now because their presence in a dwelling is though to be good tuck, or because they are considered '"good helpers.' One type of small chameleon 18 called a "wood slave," and is recognized for its role in controlling insect pests in houses The introduction of the mongoose (lerpestes a. auropunctatus) and the African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus acthiops sabacus) changed the ecosystem of the island significantly. The monkeys were brought to Ste Kitts by European settlers, probably during the seventeenth century. The animals which escaped the colonial households adapted quickly and successfully to the various types of Kittitian climate and vegetation. Today troops of Green Monkeys are found ia the mountainous interior and through the dry peninsula. They have probably contributed to the rcdis- tribution of a number of kinds of fruit trees, and they have exterminated Their destructive a few species of smaller animals, especially birds, role in the island ecosystem also seriously affccts human adaption in some places, Monkeys raid mountain gardens, carrying off such crops Some farmers claim to have lost half a as peanuts and sweet potatoes, peanut crop to the marauding monkeys. Limited control of...

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Back 1981 Hydromythology Ethnohydrology New World WRR IRF

...water for his existence and probably worked harder than any other group to obtain his sustenance from water. To him the sea itself was the home of the Creator and of powerful spirits. Not only did the Eskimo obtain food and clothing from the animals of the sea, but his entire envi- ronment was composed of various forms of water, snow, and ice. His whole world was made of water: no other people use a house made of water (the igloo). The Eskimo’s ability to pre- dict the semiannual phase change of water from solid to liquid and back again was critical for successful adaptation to his harsh and cruel environment. At the time of the spring ice breakup the people had to abandon their winter activities on the sea ice to return to their summer homes on land. Astron- omy was extremely important to the Eskimos as a guide to the time of the year, for predicting the freezeup for the long win- ter nights, the timing of the spring thaw, the migration of the caribou, and the appearance of fish in the shoals. The posi- tions of stars controlled their seasonal activities. Water use by other people...

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Nettleford Caribbean Perspectives Creative Potential Quality of Life ConsloQuak Vol17 Nos3-4

...carlier, and this is the measure of the CREATIVE POTENTIAL.ucss” The more I study, read about, observe and live in the Caribbean the less certain 1 am about embarking on generalisations about the region. The old standbys of colonialism, plantation and slavery continue to serve our methodological purposes well enough. But soon the changes and vatiants on the themes will deepen (o the extent where serious objections against any pigeonhole analysis of the region can no longer be dismissed as l'hc indulgencies of insular vanity. This view is not shared by many West Indian scholars who feel that slavery and the plantation system and colonialism have imposed a lasting common heritage on the region. This is a cosy simplification, admittedly for even within the Anglophone areas of the wider Caribbean, differences are accentuated over common characteristics.* The phenomenon deprived us of a Federation and has bequeathed a yet fledgling customs union and a university that is heading for more decentralisation than previously envisaged. But when all this is said the all-embracing logic of plantation history forces into a common mold vast areas of West lndif\n life along with significant areas of life not only in Hispanic...

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Vlach John 1976 Shotgun Houses Afro American Origins and Architecture

...W ) i o Desert Sahel 10° e X Fig. 3. Jewie Wharf, a coastal lagoon village near Half Assini, Accra Ghana (photo: author). Equator The inland savannah climate by contrast is composed of Fig. 2. West Africa, showing the horizontal pattern of environ- a brief annual rainy season and a long, dry scason during which the dessicating desert harmattan winds blow down mental belts (after R. J. H. Church, West _ [London, 1957]). from the Sahara. The daily temperature change may be as to encourage air circulation. Floors are often raised high high as 30 to 35° Fahrenheit. Savannah climates require a off the ground on platforms to catch the occan breezes solution which can cut the cold and biting winds and at the The traditional rectangular building form found in the same time provide a cool respite from the intense heat of rain forest is, by virtue of its- edaptation to a cardinal the midday sun. The carthen roundhouse with its insulating orientation, more suited for the exploitation of cross breezes. walls can_accumulate and store the heat of the day for Early British and colonial settlers and administra- evening comfort (Fig. s) T the ay for . The circular form...

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FuessEtAl 1991 ThinSectionPetrography Antigua Ceramics MethodTheory IACA14

...not enough. We must understand the entire context of ceramic production if we are to truly make any headway. This means that future work will need to concentrate on correlating paleoecological issues (e.g. climate, determination of past faunal and floral patterns, shifting geological patterns, among others) which may have effected when or where pottery was produced through time. In addition, considerable emphasis will need to be placed upon the delineation and sourcing of potential resources; a factor of great importance in the choices of a potter (e.g. Arnold 1985). Above all, however, is the recognition that pottery was created in a social context (Rice 1987:461- 464). The thin section and ceramic study presented here only allows us to perceive the technology of pottery production. It does not allow us to tell directly where pots were utilized? And by whom? Nor does it allow us to determine who was making the pots. What functions did these ceramics serve? And was the pot’s function related to particular aspects of adaptation to an environment (Arnold 1985)? Thus, the study discussed here is really only an intermediate step in the analysis of ceramics from the northern Lesser Antilles. Questions raised...

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Americas Magazine Vol30 No6-7 June-July1978 OAS

...shared by France and England; elegant sculpture T graces the gardens of Sans Souci in Haiti, built by b | King Christophe to rival the splendor of European palaces N7 N7 KS 4 164 & $ 7 t B [ 37 T ) < SR 5 S i 3 | 5 =3 2 — i i o el | X o & = -t S = - .- L A . 7 ¥ ¥ 4 S Y, Y o} § e F. S d ST LRS SR £ vpr + = 3 o Tl = = e e L - = < = = The Public Buildings in Bridgeport. | In their full parliamentary dignity the somber gray buildings watch over Lord Nelson’s statue in Trafalgar Square on the waterfront T \ i ® - Left: Balconies and covered porches, a frequent adaptation to the tropical climate, enhance a street scene in Jacmel, Haiti VA 8 e (¥ o il TR \ & l [ America’s first cathedral, Santa Maria la Menor, iy - is located in Santo Domingo, a city whose Spanish colonial town plan surrounds the plaza with government and religious structures 3 % i % £ , 5 a vy i B T S 4 o\ LB 3, y T <3 9. { 3 e T3...

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History Ecology Population StKitts Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus

...useds. This detail sequently dispersed. may also be important, £ or if monkeys followed slaves and plan- tation owners from island to isl and, one would reason that a hearty i which had been able to withstand monkey arr: A ved in St. Kitts, one 3 lantictrip sradaptation ... hezigos of joriginal ¢ captureialong,At to a new env. recapture, a short t rip to St. Kitts; 'and - ) again, adaptation to a new environment. While the date of first arrival of the vervet in the ares remains unknown, there can be no doubt that it was in the West Indies by the late 1600's. In 1682, it was 'officially declared a vermin in Barbados and a hountv nffered far n~h malo illad \5AUL and niLDRECH, 1965). To e declared a vermin, presumably the monkey was at large and rapidly multiplying for at least 30 prior years. Only then could it have established a population sufficiently large to irritate local plantation owners. Thus, sometime around 1650 can be taken as the last possible date for its arrival in the New World. Unfortunately it is not known if after becoming a vermin importation was discontinued. One would assume that 1t was. By...

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1977 UNESCO Development of Museums Trinidad and Tobago Almeida-Moro IRF TRP175-7-3

...= Museum proposal = Museum register and cataloguing = Temporary registration receipt = Site Museum = Vertical cas = Panels = Shallow-case - Boxy cases = = Travelling cabinet Compact travelling exhibition kit - Folding panels - 23 50 51 - 4 10 41 45 46 47 48 49 50 ——— P K < s INTRODUCTION 1. This technical report is the outcame of a Unesco consultant mission on the development of museums requested by the Trinidad and Tobago Natio- nal Comission for Unesco under the Participation Programme and undertaken by Dr Fernanda de Camargo e Almeida Mor from 29 November 1976 to 28 January 197 The terms of reference of the mission were as follows (1) To undertake a study to plan the types of museums it might be feasible to establish in order to record the country‘s historical, cultural and social heritage (2) To advise on the proposed programne of these museums in order to ensure that they will reflect social awareness and change among the people; (3) To advise on the preparation of the necessary installations, methods of presentation and exhibition as well as legal and administrative measures which might encourage the population to take an active interest in them...

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Vetica1989 Obeah HealthCare StJohnUSVI

...Inc. Landy, David Lau, 1977 Role Adaptation: Traditional Curers Under the Impact of Western Medicine. Annual Review of Anthropology: 217--241. Bernard, W.K. 1989 Why Do Patients Go To Traditional Healers? J.R.S.H. 3: 9259 Lieben, Richard W. 177 The Field of Medical Anthropology. In Culture, Disease, And Healing. D.Landy, ed. New York: Macmillan. Logan, Michael 1977 Anthropological Research on the Hot-Cold Theory of Disease: Some Methodological Suggestions. Medical Anthropology 1(4): 87=-112 Logan, Michael and Edward E. Hunt jr., eds. 1978 Health and the Human Condition: Perspectives on Medical Anthropology. North Scituate, Mass. Duxbury Press. 41 Madsen, o] A Study of Change in Mexican Folk Medicine. Middle American Research Institute, Publications 25. New Orleans: Tulane University Press. 1965 Metraux, Alfred 1953 Medicine et Vaudou en Haiti. Acta Tropica 10:28-68. Murdock, G.P. 1980 Theories of Illness: A World Survey. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Oakes, A.J. and M.P. Morris 1958 The West Indian Weedwoman of the United States Virgin Islands. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 32 (2):164--170. Olwig, Karen Fog 1985 Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St .John: Three Centuries of Afro-Caribbean Life. Gainesville University...

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Towle 1978 Historic Site Preservation Caribbean Status Report IRF

...recently, contemporary historian Edward 1965], p. 173 Brathwaite characterized eighteenth century Ja- maican architecture as often displaying elements = 7/ See Edward Brathwaite, of a Mcreole' blend r creole syle. 7/ What has produced a "Caribbean" or creole archi- i- tecture has been the need of islanders to adapt Press, 1971). The read- European styles to meet the requirements imposed en A also refernred to by a tropical environment and insular conditions. John Vach's very ex- Adaptation to place, combined with a sense of cellent two-part ar- freedom indicative of the distance and isolation cle eptitled "The of the islands from the mother country, permitted Shotgun House: An the more unorthodox or innovative designer and Anican Architectun- builder in the West Indian colonies to experi- al Legacy,” Pioneer ment with building forms. Local materials and Amerca, VIT, an- color provided new texture, while the climate uany, 1976) and Pio- and the inevitability of natural disasters forc- ed new solutions. neen Amerdica, VITT, In general, one finds through- Yy =1978) out the region evidence of a Caribbean style which is a humbler, more restrained version of imported European designs, a form which evolved in consideration of climatic requirements, the...

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Ubelaker 1980 Human Bones and Archeology HCRS Publication43

...and thoroughly examined by trained human activity. This evidence professionals. consists not only of arrowheads and houses, but other stone tools, food Skeletal analysis is useful primarily remains, clothing, pottery, and to archeologists and other anything else left behind that may anthropologists, but it can also offer clues to past life-ways. Even provide information needed in other pollen in the soil can be used to areas of science. Studies of disease reconstruct the climate of a site at in prehistoric times enable scientists the time of human occupation, and in the medical profession to trace the small pieces of charcoal can be used history of disease and learn how to determine the approximate age. various diseases affected past With techniques of modern archeology populations. This information gives nearly all things found at an them a better understanding of present archeological site have a story to diseases and may suggest how they can tell, especially skeletons of the be treated or avoided. people themselves. Prehistoric skeletons give valuable Our ability to learn about prehistoric information on levels of trace burial customs and biology (physical elements and chemicals in human appearance, disease, life expectancy, bone. Comparison with modern and so on...

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SHA Newsletter Vol22 No3 Oct1989

...Johnson of the University of British Columbia, and a tour of the renovated Tong Wo temple, an intact two-story Triad Society hall built in 1886. interest for readers of this column include: Other conference presentations of pecial Overseas Chinese in Lovelock, Nevada: History and Archaeology, by Donald R. Touhy, Nevada State Museum. The Fertility Behaviors of (US. ) Overseas Chinese; An Explanatory Analysis, by Wenzhen Ye, Univer- sity of Utah. Kinship Persistence: Overseas Chinese in Urban Galves- ton (1873-1910), by Paul G. Chace, University of California, Riverside. Change Versus Continuity: Examining the Chinese Community in Fiji, by Eugene Kumekawa, University of California, San Diego. From Rejection to Acceptance: Comments on the Adaptation of Chinese to Canadian Society, by Graham E. Johnson, University of British Colum- bia. Immigration and Female-Centered Household Forma- tion: A Case Study of Hong Kong Business Im- migrants in Canada, by Josephine Smart, Univer- sity of Calgary. The Traditional Chinese Lion Dance and Its Introduc- tion into Hawaii, by William C. Hu, National Endowment for the Humanities. Honolulu"s Chinatown: A Symbol Explained, by Char- les H. U. Young, Hawaii Chinese History Center. Saltwater City: The Chinese in Vancouver, 1886-1986, by Elizabeth L. Johnson...

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Caribbean Regional Planning Adaptation Global Climate Change GEF OAS WorldBank 1996

...for assessing and adapting to climate change: the need for regional cooperation, and the fundamental requirement for environmental data on which to base analyses. Project priorities were considered appropriate, and proposed activities were found to be practical and relevant. The STAP technical reviewer concluded that the principal challenge facing the project would be to manage and review its many activities and participants and to ensure an equitable distribution of resources among participants. To address these challenges, he recommended that management responsibilities of the different participating entities be clearly defined, timetables and tasks be made explicit, and measurable outputs be agreed for evaluating performance. It was also recommended that the project emphasize networking, sharing of information, cooperation and links with other work underway. - Comments made at the TRP have been fully incorporated in revis- ing the project documentation. A more detailed summary of the STAP technical reviewer’s com- ments and how they have been addressed in the revised project document is attached as Annex 1. A9 Page: 9 — PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING 19 Total project costs are estimated at US$ 6.5 million, net of taxes, of which about 80% repre- sent foreign exchange costs. Adaptation planning activities are estimated...

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OAS Caribbean Planning Adaptation Global Climate Change CPACC ProjectStatus 1996

[Image] ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES [Image] Caribbean: Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change Recent Events. Background The Caribbean countries, like other small island and coastal areas, face difficult decisions in confronting the adverse effects of global climate change and associated sea level rise. The costs of adapting to a rise in sea level could be very large compared to the size of the economies of the small lnd developing countries. The preliminary Coastal Zone Management Studies of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that the need to implement strategies to cope with sea level rise is more urgent the previously thought. Natural systems which help protect marine and coastal resources are already being degraded by anthropogenic activities. Mangroves, which buffer the land from storm surges and the sea from land-based sources of pollution, are being depleted. Uncontrolled or ill-conceived development schemes, over-exploitation of living marine resources, and impacts related to urbanization, tourism, and agriculture all contribute to decreased resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems. As a consequence, the vulnerability of coastal resources and infrastructure to sea level rise increases constantly, underscoring the urgent need for an integrated framework for addressing these issues. The difficulties...

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Action Programme Sustainable Development Small Island Developing States Basic Elements

...climate change on marine resources, freshwater, agricultural production, including pests; develop and/or strengthen mechanisms to facilitate the exchange of information and experiences between SIDS, and to promote technology transfer and training in SIDS in response to climate change; provide technical assistance for ratification or accession to the FCCC and to assist those which have ratified the convention assume their major responsibilities. International Action * implement immediately the prompt start resolution agreed to by Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for the Framework Convention on Climate Change; provide improved access to financial and technical resources for monitoring climate variability and change and sea level rise, for assessment of the impacts of climate change, and the timely development and implementation of response adaptation 4 strategies recognizing the specific vulnerabilities and disproportionate cost borne by SIDS; provide improved access t o information from the activities carried out to reduce un certaint ies of climate change and assist the inter-island exchange of this information; provide access to environm technology to assist sIDS entally sound and energy efficient conserve energy and reduce emissions of greenhouses gases; support the activities of regional and organizations aimed at assisti sub-regional ng SIDS to cope effectively and creatively with climate...

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1998-10-03 Sustainable Energy Symposium Small Island States Rockefeller NY

...particularly concerned with the question of adaptation which, until the adoption of Article XII at Kyoto, had not been adequately addressed. "Too much of our national budgets in almost all Small Island States, in the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Indian Ocean, are spent on fossil fuel usage. Clearly this is a drain and does not work towards a solution of the problem.” During the discussion Ambassador Slade pointed out that it was difficult for donors and international agencies to focus on Small Island States and suggested they turn to existing strong regional organizations. Tom Roper, Climate Institute and former Minister of Planning and Environment of Victoria, Australia, pointed out that the 1994 Barbados Declaration emphasized the particular vulnerability of Small Island developing nations to natural as well as environmental disasters and their need for assistance in developing capacity to respond and recover. Roper outlined the two dimensions of the project. "The first, in the shorter term, is to facilitate declarations and actions by Small Island States in transforming their energy systems, which could set an example for the world...the second, in the longer term, is to build capacity to respond to climate change and initiate the process of...

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CPACC Caribbean Adaptation Climate Change Project Overview 1997

...to climate change. Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Commonwealth of Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Trinidad and Tobago . CPACC Participants. The GEF Council approved the project as part of its Work Program in May, 1995. The countries and CARICOM have maintained an active level of participation throughout the project preparation phase. A Project National Focal Point (NFP) has been designated for each country. Project Preparation Phase The OAS with its own resources and resources from the GEF Project Development Facility supported detailed project preparation from August 1995 to July 1996. Each of the eleven countries held a National Consultation to define their participation in the project followed by a report that was submitted by December 22, 1995. Three regional workshops were held with the participation of the National Focal Points and regional agencies to discuss and reach agreement on key aspects of the project. The OAS also prepared and disseminated informational brochures on the project. The Project Objectives The project's overall objective is to support Caribbean countries in preparing to cope with the adverse effects of global climate change (GCC), particularly sea-level rise, in coastal and marine areas through vulnerability assessment, adaptation...

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1995 CPACC Brochure2 Caribbean Planning Adaptation Climate Change OAS WorldBank

...Tel: 011-592-2-60341 Fax: 011-592-2-61460) JAMAICA Mr. Calvin Gray Director, National Meteorological Office Tel: (809) 929-7268/3694 Fax: (809) 960-8989 E-Mail: metja@infochan.com (*Ms. Sylvia McGill Climate Branch Head, Meteorological Service Tel: (809) 929-3700/3702 Fax: (809) 960-8989) ST. KITTS-NEVIS Mr. Randolph Walters Director Department of the Environment Government of St. Kitts/Nevis Tel: (809) 466-7430 Fax: (809) 465-8794 E-Mail: ST. LUCIA Mr. Cletus Springer Permanent Secretary Ministry of Planning Tel: 809/452-3350 Fax: 809/452-2506 E-Mail: (*Ms. Marie Ange-Louis Asst. Sect. Ministry of Planning, Development and Environment Tel: (809) 451-8746 Fax: (809) 452-2506) TRINIDAD and TOBAGO Mes. Victoria Mendez-Charles Director, Town & Country Planning Division Ministry of Planning and Development Tel: (809) 627-9692 Fax: (809) 625-8445 E-Mail: Designing National Participation The CPACC project concept, as approved by the GEF Council, has identified eight project compon- ents of key importance for helping the participating countries in planning for adaptation to climate change. Each of these eight components is described in greater detail in the remainder of this brochure. All components also include, and are reinforced by...

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1994-08-24 Hinckley Setting Ecological Goals Climate Change Convention DRAFT

...contribute to pest outbreaks, forest fire, and tree mortality. The ideal goal might set bounds on the distribution of precipitation 3 throughout the year but warming no greater than 0.12°C/century and average annual precipitation no less than 760 mm may be hard enough to achieve. Grasslands Projected soil moisture decreases in Central North America during summer by 15 to 20% as soon as 2030 raise the specter of another Dust Bowl. If the concern is conversion of grasslands into deserts, a goal based on mean annual precipitation may suffice. For prevention of desertification from climate change, not overgrazing or overextended farming, precipitation should generally stay above 380 mm (15")/year. It could fall as low as 250 mm (10") some years without killing off the grasses but they could only survive a sequence of years at that level as dormant seeds. Setting Goals for Aquatic Species and Ecosystems Many parameters of climate change are important to aquatic species and ecosystems. Marine and coastal species may be affected by combinations of warming, sea level rise, and changes in currents, upwellings and salinity gradients. Species living in streams, rivers, lakes, and inland wetlands may be affected by precipitation, evaporation, seepage...

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Tiempo Issue22 1996-12 RenewableEnergy GHG Poland AlJ RegionalClimate Biodiversity Desertification

...adaptation of fucls and encrgy prices in linc with the European market. The stagnation scenario is definitely disadvantageous duc to its high material intensity of GDP, high energy intensity of GDP, high enssion intensity of GDP, high increase rate of unemployment and low consumption per capita. The most probable outcome would be realization of the basc-line scenario. It has the next, after the chance scenario, value of political preferences and the highest probability of 5 realization. The bas-line scenario has been created taking into account current government programmes and, therefore, its longer-term continuation is favoured. Unfortunately, this scenario presents the development path with the highest emissions of all cases, although it has more vnu macrocconomic factors especially in relation to the stagnation scenario . Emissions reductions policies applicd to the scenarios indicate that, mn the extreme, greenhouse gas missions s avings amounting to 79-90 million Mg of carbon dioxide could be made which means that it is possible that 1988 cmissions may not be exceeded up to the year 2030. It is CS! ential to claborate and continuously update scenarios of long-term cconomic strategy (at least up to 2030) taking into account the problem of climate...

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Tiempo Issue23 1997-03 Climate Pacific Drought AlJ Conferences GlobalTemp

...would facilitate adaptation to climate change. Priority is given to no regrets policies and plans for, as also noted carlicr, these form the basis of sound environmental and resource management regardless of climate and related changes. A policy of regional cooperation and coordination A policy of enhanced regional cooperation would facilitate collective responses to problems of mutual concern. Such a policy expedites activities which no single state or institution can undertake effectively in an isolated way and helps offset a weak knowledge base, any lack of understanding, poor capacity to access, sharc and act on information and a limited appreciation of the range of responses available for consideration. A policy of strengthened regional coordination of activities is necessary if redundancies in effort are to be avoided. But the priority must be implementation rather than rinn and administration. Regional atives should not conflict with efforts to strengthen the capacity to implement policies and plans at national and commu ity levels. As a “bottom up™ strategy, the latter is more cons tent with traditional approaches in the Pacific. These can be integrated with benefits that flow from international and regional initiatives. A policy of owning the issue of climate variability and change ...

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Tiempo Issue21 1996 ClimateChange HumanHealth AsiaPacific IPCC GenevaDeclaration SeaLevelRise

...both mitigation and adaptation options. IPCC Working Group l The 1995 report from WGIII assesses a large part of the existing literature on the socio-economics of climate change and identifies areas in which a consensus has emerged on key issues and areas where differences exist. The report is an assessment of the state of knowledge—what we know and do not know—and not a prescription for policy implementation. Countries can use the information to help take decisions they believe most appropriate for their specific circumstances. Here, we reproduce in full the working group’s description of the scope of its assessment, including key conclusions, as presented in the WGIII policy makers’ summary. Climate change presents the decision maker with a set of formidable complications: a considerable number of remaining uncertainties (which are inherent in the complexity of the problem), the potential for irreversible damages or costs, a very long planning horizon, long time lags between emissions and effects, wide regional variation in causes and effects, the irreducibly global scope of the problem, and the need to consider multiple greenhouse gases and aerosols. Yet another complication arises from the fact that effective protection of the climate system requires global...

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