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2,284 results for "coastal erosion management" (7654ms)
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Wider Caribbean Environmental Agricultural Constraints and Resource Management AMBIO 1981

...For exainple, the increased sediment loads from many small rivers (resulting from soil erosion) have proved fatal to coral reefs and other communities (20). Urban 1000 in1000s Pop. t 3 { 41 21 57 404 31 21 15 s & 13 1 ya i ni £ 5% 0 i ) 3 b = the three reef systems analyzed. those in the Gulf of Mexico had a higher level of these residues. Another study of plankton and a variety of shrimp and fish from the Gulf of Mexico and the Northern Carib- bean showed that DDTs were widely dis- tributed, although the levels were general- ly low (16). Samples with the highest con- centrations were found along coastal areas. In addition, these toxic compounds Another aggravating problem is con- tamination of the marine environment from human wastes and garbage dis- charged from boats (13). Agricultural waste Marine pollution from agricultural activi- ties can be categorized broadly in terms of 1) inorganic fertilizers; 2) pesticides: 3) liquid effluents containing high organic loads from industries such as sugar re- fineries and rum distilleries and 4) high silt content run-off resulting from poor soil management practices. Although data on the importance of these sources are fairly...
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Harpy 1939 Soil Erosion StVincent TropAgriVol16No3 pp58-65

...a mountain however, begin to fail through soil impoverish- ment and the arrowroot crop dies out in patches, occupying the northern one-third of the island, so that erosion may again sct in. The method 1ise at an angle of about 15°, but the sides of its of reaping the crop also encourages soil loss, radiating ravines are inclined at angles since it consists in the excavation of the rhizomes approaching 40°, while the summit of its recent volcanic cone slopes at 25 to 30 degrees. by hocing: to a depth of 6 to 12 inches. The operation is invariably performed in such a manner . (2) VEGETATION AND CROPS. that the surface mould is dragged downhill in regular stages. A\ conspicuous result of this Impenetrable rain forest occupies most of the high land above the 1000-foot contour comprising the system is the development of small escarpments central ridge of the island. Occasionally forest along the upper boundaries of the arrowroot descends to lower altitudes in the leeward coastal fields.* Another result is the gradual invasion of the lower grounds and roads by gravitating soil. valleys and on the slopes of Soufrire, while on forest within the Furthermore, the constant...
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1973 NSRC NAS Workshop Aquatic Weed Management Guyana Report

...also prove useful supplements to aquatic weed management programmes. One set of experiments in Florida (Yount and Crossman, 1970) showed that two small “sliders” (Pseudemys floridana peninsularis) devoured 50 Ibs. of water hyacinth (some of it crushed) in six days. Healthy hyacinth was not attacked, but after the animals had learned to eat the crushed plants they would then consume healthy ones. Allen (1938) and Carr (1952) also report turtles consuming water hyacinth. A number of South American herbivorous turtles are on the Endangered Species List. Investigation of the economic benefits they might bring in support role to weed control programmes might eventually provide an economic incentive for their husbandry, and remove threat of their extinction. Terrestrial Herbivores. Many wild animals play an important role in weed control in their native habitats. They have been little considered for release elsewhere, and indeed probably have no place in conventional weed control projects. evertheless, seen in the light of a self-supporting cottage-farming activity, they might also contribute to weed control. Grazing of cows, water buffalo, goats, sheep, donkeys, etc., could be promoted in Guyana to control vegetation along shorelines and canal banks if erosion of the adjoining land is not...
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1986 StVincent OAS OrangeHillEstate FarmingDevelopmentPlan IanPJohn

...gravelly sandy loam soil which predominates the area is free draining and highly susceptible to erosion on the steep slopes which form the agricultural lands of large sections of the . o 3 The Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines received from the Organisation of American States (0S), three options for the development of the Orange Hill Estate. These are: i. A core farm and settlement farms producing vegetable crops and tree crops 33 A core farm on which crops and livestock will be produced. A settlement farm producing sheep, pigs, goats and rabbits as well as general crops. Feed manufacturing will form part of the activi- ties of this farm. 111 Plan 3 which was the .one accepted consisted of plan 2 in addition to which were small businesses, skills training, community development, and other activities. y In my report I shall review the recommendations made by the OAS consultants on all of the proposals for the agricultural activities associated with the development of the Estate. These studies include: 1. The Soil and Land Use Study 11 The Water Resources Study o -2 - I iii. The Analysis of Soil Conservation Problems, and iv. The hed Management Problems = V...
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1991 WorldBank STP Agricultural Privatization Smallholder Development StaffAppraisalReport

...Storm, A. Bagai and E. Stanford provided secretarial his document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Annex IV Project Implementation, Monitoring and Procurement 88 Schedule & oL t e ii l e sie Wi 95 Annex V Organization of the Directorate-General of Agriculture Annex 1 Support Program for the Privatization of the Agricultural Sector SS e R R e SR RRO = Annex VI The Nucleus Management and Marketing Corporation Description of Services R s l s l ¢ l & 97 101 Annex VIII Technical Assistance, Local Consulting, Studies and Training Ratio of Cocoa Export Unit Values 113 Annex IX Annex X Documents in the Project File e s e s e s 114 IBRD Nos. 23253 and 23252 MAP DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE AGRICULTURAL PRIVATIZATION AND SMALLHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT I. BACKGROUND ntr 1 1.1 The Government of Sao Tome and Principe (STP) has requested IDA to continue its financial support for the development of the agricultural sector by funding an Agricultural Privatization and Smallholder Development Project. The project would...
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StKitts Nevis Land Use Plan Pragmacorp RLA-82-004 Aug1984

...£ rated ' 2 § & o} i~ mle Wid i es N 8 ] SJuare @ i & 3 an S = while N ' X ) 28 Stim d 004 0 st ——— | 1 r - Nevi a1 7 av axX S enjoy a typ lcal tro an i 3 o i um &n [ mininm Pical maritime cli ate, ¥ tempe €1 %7 tage humidity is 33 ature range betw 86 F W percent, Annual raig o 7 re " n Iregular dist ilpution al is than [ 4 he The high el evations ath of & ds coastal areas. ra GE winds which The islands are in n erage io i low fro It LID ort re ant o o of 10 miles/hour. These w the south ast at effect o the ing nds have a soils of h very two islands. L & islands. L & remnant been ¢ ultiva u lat ive vegetations ed for three ndred year 3. l h ue are found at the to inaccessibiii 1 top of the on O 2 e re left intact mountainsg has caus - ¥ erosion on both i ¥ i slands, ¥ on both i ¥ i 5 slands, & [ / te c, L s, the developed from vol canic ash...
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Rojas Meganck 1987 Land Distribution Development Eastern Caribbean

...and agroindustrial development Land redistribution 134 420 150 Actions Leasing of government lands for agricultural development Farm management plans at- tached to lease agreements, 5 to 50 acre farms Three types of leases: short term for horticulture, mid term for mixed farming, long term for livestock farms Legalization of tenancy and loans for 760 farmers Construction of 12 kms of feeder roads Provision of agricultural services Home improvement loans to 440 families Support to small-scale marketing entrepreneurs Divestment of government owned lands Creation of 100 small farms Upgrading of farm infrastructure Subdivision of Valley lands into 97 farms (2 ha) Subdivision of 98 ha of hillside lands into 6 ha farms Allocation of 40 ha to subsistency gardens to reduce squatting on forested areas Soil conservation and waste disposal systems in hillside villages Reforestation of watersheds and coastal conservation works Subdivision of valley lands into 115 farms (2 ha) Creation of 60 hillside farms (6 ha) Construction of soil conservation and irrigation infrastructure Centralized management of pack- ing and marketing of produce Setting up a core farm (240 ha) for public sector management core farm to manage agroindustries and to provide services to settle- ments Creation of three small...
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Biotechnology Working Group 1990 Biotechnologys Bitter Harvest Herbicide Tolerant Crops and Threat to Sustainable Agriculture

...Interdisciplinary Biological Control Conference, February 15-17, Las Vegas, NV, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research Service. Chen, H.-H. and A.D. Druliner. 1988. Non-point source ground water contamination: agricultural chemical contamination of ground water in six areas of the High Plains Aquifer, Nebraska. Pages 103- 108 in U.S. Geological Survey National Water Summary 1986, Water Supply Paper 2325. Delmarva Farmer. 1988. Ridge till's unique mission. February 23, 1988, p. 35. Delvo, H.W. 1984. Outlook '85. Annual Agricultural Outlook Conference, December 3-5, 1984, Washington, DC. Dickey, E.C., D. Shelton, and P. Jasa. 1988. Residue management for soil erosion control. Conservation Tillage Proceedings No. 7, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Doyle, J. 1985a. Altered Harvest. NY: Viking Penguin, Inc. Doyle, J 1985b. Quoting George Kidd of L. Wm. Teweles & Co. Genewatch 2(4-6):3. Doyle, J 1986. Alternative weed control strategies. Journal of Pesticide Reform, p. 30, summer 1986. Doyle, J. 1988. Herbicides and biotechnology: extending the pesticide era. Presented in Copenhagen, Denmark, 11/1/88, Environmental Policy Institute, Washington, DC. Doyle, J. 1989. Sustainable agriculture and the other kind of biotechnology. Prepared for a...
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1986 CESRM Cardi UWI UNESCO RiskAssessment Agrochemicals Tropical Island Ecosystems Proposal StLucia Barbados

et gor oo - - ( .. CONFIDENTIAL FINAL DRAFT . RISK ASSESSMENT OF AGROCHEMICALS IN TROPCIAL ISLAR D ECOSYSTEHS . A PROPOSAL TO: B & e . it SUBHITTED BY: Caribbean Agricultural Research & CARDI pevelopment Institute the UI University of the Hest Indies - through centre for Edvironsent studies and Resource Hanagement (CESRH) 5 - UNESCO Han and the prograsae (HAB) s 4 at a workshop funded by MAB UNESCO held in This proposal was develope to November 1, 1985 saint Lucia, October 27, y — - - - St March, 1986. ST. I i A b 2 03JECTIVES The overall objective of this proposal is to develop 2 regional regulate, gonitor and capability within the Eastern Caribbean to human health and the control the use and e ffects of agrochemicals on are environment, based on risk assessments an d scientific data that Thus, the project described in this proposal valid for the region. will: Analyze the risks associated with agrocheaical use on is lands of the Eastern Caribbean; the pevelop a risk assessment methodology appropriate to and ecological environment of the Eastern socioceconomic Caribbean; Evaluate the benefits of the specific agrocheicals used, to risk, and the selection of especially in regard alternatives. an institutional capability within the re gion to do Develop...
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Document 65fcf6a4

...A.E § Eroun, S. (Eds.) (1985) atershed anagement in the Caribbean Institute of Tropical Forestry, Ri Piedras, Puerto Rico. 157 pp. HCEWEN F. L. & Stphenscn, 6 ? {1979) the use and Significance of Festicides in the Environment. iley nterscience. 38 pp HACKAY, D. A. & Paterson, S. (1981} Calculating Fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 0 L H. n, A. & Wood, B. (1985a). pesticides in use in Barbados. A survey of agricutura) PP. 51-68. In: Risk Assessaent of Agrochesicals : in the Eastern Caribbean: Proc. of a " CARDI/UNESCO-MAB Workshop. CARDI, St. Lucia. HILLER, H., Newton, A. & Wood, B (1985b) A study of selections ‘in Barbados ground-uater. ep 10-119 isk Assessaent of in Agrochesicals in the Eastern Caribbesn: Proc. of a I- KAB sh I St . = LL P ) s ss ‘the St. Lucia. pp. 179-185. In: Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals in the Eastern Caribbean: Proc. CARDI u a I r. 6. V. s on and Water Patterns Levels of Contamination by Toxic Substances. nv Sci n. 155 7-. RAHSAHY, J. Shin, . R. (1985). Technical Report on Pollution Honitoring Component 1982-84. Protection of the - Marine and Coasta] Environsent of the r Islanas. Project //7 J. (1973)) Edwards, C...
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Lathwell 1974 Report Caribbean Tropical America Soils Conference UWI Trinidad 1973

...Notes: (e.g. Sponsoring-Organization, Publishers, Availability) 10. Abstract . This conference involved a week of seminar sessions in which papers were presented on various topics on soils of the Caribbean area. This was followed by ficld tours to the ilands of Trinidad, Barbados, Grenada and St. Vincent. As the papers pre- sented at the conference will be published, chis.report is concerned with the mor- phological, physical, and chemical properties of the soils observed on the ficld trip. 1 Protile descriptions are given of 25 represeniative solls and accompanying F rhoai n tab 3 © tagr main physical and chemical characteristics. A brief discussion is given of the crops and managcment practices in some of the areas and some of the wain problems associated with land use. e e t t e t e , 1. Descriptors Seninar, Tuinidad, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent 12. Project No 931-11-120-127 13. Contract No. ALD/csd-2834 ype of KHeport Conierence Report CE RS | A Report of Caribbean and Tropical America Soils Conference® by D. J. Lathwell, Cornell University A conference on soils of the Caribbean and Tropical America was held at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad...
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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...and reduced marine and beach grove productivity (Towle, 1985). The coastal over-urbanization characteristic of Caribbean islands (Potter, 1989) has, in some instances, produced salt water intrusion contaminating potable water supplies, and discolored and depleted nearshore lagoons through the excessive runoff of untreated sewage discharge. A1l such violations of these natural marine and terrestrial buffers provide evidence of past planning failure and o 21 point to the need to seriously integrate ecological considerations in a strategy designed for sustainable agriculture. Policy Implications Given the integrated systems framework, ecological fragility, and the long run advantages of a diversified economy, several new directions are necessary. First, a major effort must be mounted to restore land and marine resources degraded by past development. Second, agricultural policy must be integrated into overall economic planning to account for sectoral imbalances. In addition, environmental impact analysis must accompany any new development proposal. Third, to strengthen popular support for agriculture, the key role of sustainable resource uses and traditional management practices must be emphasized in the public environmental education programs already underway in many islands. Fourth, planning should exercise real caution concerning any large-scale public infrastructure or private projects not only because of their potential impacts...
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ECA 1993 Appraisal Monitoring Evaluation Biotechnology Agricultural Development Africa

...monopolistic marketing practices, unfavourable pricing policies and an overall low priority accorded to agricultural investments; ®) Lack of effective institution and of land reform policy which is neglected in poor organization and a distressing lack of operations and management control, combined with inadequate facilities and equipment to weaken public sector services, such as education, research and extension services. Parastatals, particularly those marketing agricultural inputs and commodities, function poorly and depress producer prices. There is total lack of appropriate land reform and there is no adapted insurance scheme available for small farmers in the rural areas; (©) Lack of pertinent agricultural knowledge: research information in the hands of extension agents is relatively small and consequently not suitable for small farmers. Appropriate technical packages are poorly developed, extension agents are often not properly trained and motivated while interactions between researchers, extensionists and farmers are almost non-existent; @ Unfavourable natural environment: fertile soils in Africa are limited to a few river valleys and high plateaus. The remaining soil is difficult to manage and large acreages are semi-arid. It has been estimated that, due to erosion, some soils would need 300 years of continuous use of fertilizer, in order to regain their normal...
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Browne 1985 Agricultural Land Development StVincentGrenadines MA Dissertation Chapter4

...ownership which varies with crop type and farm size and which will allow greater number of f armers and rural people to benefit from agriculture without their actual ownership of the land. The intensively farmed coastal and valley areas should be of medium sized farms 50- 80 acres in size and should be owned and managed by co-operatives. This will allow for pooling of financial resources, Q - Lo '] L g j increased productivity and economic returns and the distribution of the economic surplus among a larger number of farmers. Lands on the gentle sloping areas which are devoted to banana and good production should be used for small sized farms (5-10 acres) which should be individually owned but some farming activities eg marketing, provision of arm inputs and machinery can be organised in a co- operative basis. Fruit forests, energy forests and timber forests which all required large land areas should be government owned but their management and development will be carried out by the neighbouring communities and the state. Vilentian farmers are not new to co-operative acitivity for years they { have been organising themselves in commodity iios for marketing and provision of inputs for their crops...
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Thomson 1987 GreenGold BananasDependency EasternCaribbean LAB

...and political. By encouraging the growth of the industry, it was suggested, a collaborative class of petty capitalists could be created which would have no stake in future social unrest. This view, however, was not entirely shared by other sections within the colonial administration. The West India Royal Commission of 1945 had warned of the dangers of over-specialisation in bananas, citing the risks of Panama disease and soil erosion. It had concluded: Every government in these Colonies should show caution in dealing with matters affecting banana growing. There is in all the Colonies and among all classes of cultivator a desire to grow bananas because of the regular cash income they ensure. In the event, commercial considerations outweighed such official misgivings. The way was by now open for a British company — Geest — to exploit the possibilities of a banana industry in the Windward Islands. Towards independence British projects to stabilise the region were a reflection of the slow process of colonial disengagement. A gradual liberalisation of the Crown Colony system after World War I, allowing for increased local representation in government, was followed by the Labour administration’s granting of universal adult suffrage in 1950 and 1961. Subsequent elections...
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198X African Locusts Caribbean Threat and Agricultural Impacts DailyNews

...plans to start a conch farm at meeting. ) that dolphins are negatively affected certain parts of . Anegada’s These measures include banning by tuna boats and a study is being Horseshoe Reef. Preliminary plans spear fishing with scuba tanks as carried out by the Institute to see if indicate that newly-hatched conchs has recently been done in Belize, the same is true of the blue marlin would be brought to the: protected and Turks and Caicos and demar- whose numbers are falling,” said areas and then harvested periodi- cating protected marine habitats, as Davies. Last year two boats applied cally when mature. —— 9 i MIN ATIV ANVISI NIDYIA HHL Erosion in Grenada: st. GEORGE'S, Grenada — The ocean is eroding Grenada’s eastern coastline, accordin XC g an Agricul- dn Bo ture Ministry study. GRen Agriculture Minister Phinsley St. Louis said in an interview Monday the study has determined that Atlantic Ocean rollers and coastal defor- estation are the cause of the problem. “The mangrove trees are being cut down to burn into charcoal and ersS this not only encourages erosion, but destroys the areas where the fish HAR come to spawn,” St. Louis said. 1661 ‘77 WALOID0 o
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Document 64145716

...the following fields:- Fisheries Biology Fish Pathology Fish Genetics Water Chemists Soil Engineer - - Hatchery technology Pond Management Additional technical staff and training may be required to adequately deal with some of the above-mentioned areas. However, it may be necessary to recruit foreign expertise for varying periods Siils Extension Services After completion of pilot projects, it may be necessary to strengthen the extension services, to ensure success- ful dissemination of relevant technical information to farmers, The types of extension services which the the farmer will need to establish his own aquaculture system are:- (a) Selection of site; (®) Design and construction of ponds; (e) Selection of species based on need and environment; Preparation of pond to include fertilization (a) and feeding if necessaryj; (e) Stocking rates and pond management techniques; (£) Harvesting techniques Cost benefits to the fish farmer; (e) ( Disease control monitoring. Other support staff (e.g. laboratory technicians) will also have to be employed. 5| — — =19 = 6. Legal Aspects The necessary legal aspects which must be addressed prior to meoo any aquaculture system are as follows:= Legislation pertaining to land ownership and use; el controlling the multi-purpose use of water ( ground, estuarine and coastal areas)...
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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with a great sense of pleasure that | bid you all a warm and sincere welcome to this Seminar on the Potential for an Aquaculture Industry in Trinidad and Tobago which, as you know, is being jointly sponsored by the Institute of Marine Affairs, the Zoology Department of the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, and our good friends in the Ministry of Agriculture. | extend this welcome on behalf of my colleagues on the Marine Affairs Council and Board of Management as well as the members of In this staff of the Institute of Marine Affairs. context we would like to extend a particular welcome to all of our distinguished. overseas visitors whose reputations have, of course, preceded them. Our local speakers are no less renowned and to them we also offer a warm welcome. To all of the other participants, | extend a most cordial greeting and express our most sincere appreciation and thanks to them for their keen personal interest in our n this most work and for participating important seminar. As you are all aware this is the first in a series of seminars on aquatic resources and its main...
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Richardson 1972 Guyana Green Revolution Social Ecological Problems CaribbeanQuarterly

...introduction of new padi varieties and agricultural techniques has been only a first step to overall improvement of the Guyanese rice industry. Attendant political, ecological and cultural complexities in Guyana must be dealt with before major agricultural improvement is realized. These complexities need careful attention and require a multifaceted approach to the particular problems of rice in Guyana. The matter is hardly confined to importing new padi varieties, fertilizers, and machinery, then settling down to wait for a bumper crop in October. Guyana’s rice industry is more than a national concern. Much of the rice consumed throughout the Caribbean is grown on Guyana's coastal lowlands. Though the country’s rice exports are worth less than either its bauxite or sugar, Guyana’s rice industry is locally controlled and provides direct participation by small-scale producers in earning foreign currency. Nearly 100,000 tons of milled rice were exported from Guyana in 1967-682 Guyanese rice also represents a valuable domestic food source, erasing the short-run possibilities of famine in the new republic. Improvement is necessary, however, in both the quality and quantity of Guyanese rice. In order to effectively penetrate potential grain markets outside the West Indies...
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FAO RLAC93 28 PES24 Species Cultured Insular Caribbean Belize FrenchGuiana Guyana Suriname 1993 Chakalall

...ponds (6 ha) harvested 18 t in 1990 Marine Shrimp The major commercial producer is Eureka Marine (Penaeus monodon) Enterprises with a 59 ha farm site. The 1990 harvest was 18 mt from 24 ponds with a surface area of 14 ha & I S I = 21 ST. CHRISTOPHER & NEVIS Tilapia Red hybrid introduced from Jamaica in 1989. Stocked in e irrigation reservoirs in Nevis. Marine Shrimp Leeward Island Shrimp Co. Ltd. obtained brood stock (Penaeus vannamei) from Panama in July 1984. Reported production of 1.12 mt per ha from 2.6 ha of production ponds in coastal lowlands. In 1989, operation affected by viral infection that stunts growth. SAINT LUCIA Tilapia Introduced from US Virgin Islands in 1986. Also promoted as additive to animal feed to increase protein (Tilapia nilotica) content. Earthen ponds ranging in size from a few hundred square metres to a few thousand. Production in 1991 was estimated at 91 kg. BN Malaysian Prawn Introduced from Dominica in 1987. Eighteen privately (Macrobrachium owned ponds totalling 4 ha approx. Production for 1990 rosenbergii) and 1992 was reported as 292 kg and 1079 kg respectively. Marine Algae/Seamoss Technology transferred from pilot stage to successful (Gracilaria sp...
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Wilson 1989 Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Nevis West Indies

...This erosion is proceeding rapidly, and much of the site has disappeared within living memory. At its south end, the site is truncated by the shallow valley of a seasonal stream. Bevond it another site (GE-3), which may have been a part of GE-1, extends another 125 m. Indian Castle is the only Ostionoid site ar which we have conducted test excavations to date. From our cxca- vations in 1985 we obained a radiocarbon date of 670 = 60 a.c. (745 = 135 A.c.) based on carbonized wood. The six largest Ostionoid sites, with surface areas of about 2500-8400 sq m, occur at intervals up the wind- ward coast. A smaller group of sites, mostly under 1000 sq m in surface area, is distributed around the rest of the coast, with the exception of the 5-km strerch of sandy beach on the west coast. Along this beach, one small sit (TO-1) is situated on a rocky outcrop towards the north end of the beach. Another (TO-2) is located nearby in agricultural fields adjacent to the coast. All of the sites are located near the mouths of streams. The coastal part of the...
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VIBIB Bibliographic Holdings VINP USVI Danish West Indies Prelim List 1985

...Annual Meet-ing. (Los Angeles, CA, June 15-19, 1971). Los Angeles, CA: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 1971. p. 4-5. Observations of fish behavior in regard to 3 different pot designs. NPJ Bee, James W. “V.1. National Park: Procedures, Obser- vations, and Recommendations.” Coastal Pioneer Plants of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Madison, WI: Univ. of Wisconsin, Depts. of Botany and Geography, 1959. 33 p. Map. Report on recent research studies on the fauna of the VI National Park and adjacent islets with a memo to the Park attached. concer- ning the need for establishing boundaries for the park for the preser- vation of rapidly disappearing fauna. NPJ NPJ NPJ NPT NPT NPJ Beller, William J., ed. Transactions at the Conference on Environmental Management and Economic Growth in the Smaller Caribbean Islands (Wildey, St. Michael, Barbados, Sept. 17-21, 1979). WDC: GPO, 1979. 187 p. Figs., ill., tbs. Collection of papers presented at a conference that brought to- gether for the first time government-designated delegates from the islands to discuss ways to achieve the sound development of their islands. Includes many references o the USVI and BVI. Benjamin, Guy H. Meand My Beloved...
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Wilson 1989 Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Nevis West Indies

...water ero- sion. This erosion is proceeding rapidly, and much of the site has disappeared within living memory. At its south end, the site is truncated by the shallow valley of a seasonal stream. Beyond it another site (GE-3), which may have been a part of GE-1, extends another 125 m. Indian Castle is the only Ostionoid site at which we have conducted test excavations to date. From our exca- vations in 1985 we obrtained a radiocarbon date of 670 + 60 a.c. (745 = 135 a.c.) based on carbonized wood. The six fargest Ostionoid sites, with surface arcas of about 2500-8400 sq m, occur at intervals up the wind- ward coast. A smaller group of sires, mostly under 1000 sq m in surface area, is distributed around the rest of the coast, with the exception of the 5-km stretch of sandy beach on the west coast. Along this beach, one small site (TO-1) is situared on a rocky outcrop towards the north nd of the beach. Another (TO-2) is located nearby in agricultural fields adjacent to the coast. All of the sites are located near the mouths of streams. The coastal part...
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Watters Rouse 1989 Environmental Diversity Maritime Adaptations Caribbean BAR S506

...Casimiroid peoples who came from Middle America also relied on these resources, though less heavily (Rouse and Alegria 1989; Moore 1982). Although data are equivocal, mangal formations, because they shelter a variety of exploitable finfish, shellfish, and crab species, may have played a more significant role in maritime adaptations than generally has been appreciated. Mangal formations also have contributed to changes in the configurations of islands through time, due to their ability to trap sediments and gradually extend a shoreline seaward. They also act as a buffer to high seas and thus reduce coastal flooding and erosion, a fact demonstrated dramatically today to some Caribbean nations that have allowed the destruction of their mangal formations. Coral reefs, shallow water shelves, and mangal formations have been presented as three Other examples of the diversity of marine and estuarine environments in the Caribbean. examples, such as the distribution of sea grass beds, could be equally enlightening. For the three examples chosen, each in its own way relates to different maritime adaptation issues involving the Caribbean's indigenous peoples. However, environmental diversity tends to highlight the spatial aspects of maritime adaptations. Maritime adaptations also have a temporal viewpoint because human response to environmental...
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GKN2NEVIS NHCS Newsletter Historical Conservation Nevis 1989

...assessment of any development mining, and polluting of the beach and the coastal zose. The Minister has the authority under the Actto declare certain areas of the coastal zone to protected. Forestry, Soil and Water Conservation The new Act states that the Minister in consuitz:ion ith the Conservation Commission shall establish forest management plz. =4 make Regulations for; the establishment of forest reserves; the conse: ation of threatened species; the promotion of reforestation an d research and; the regulation of charcoal burning. The Act states that the Minister shall provide Regulations for soil conservation including the identification and protection of critical walershed areas and natural drain age systems and the encouagement of scientific reserch in regard to ef (-] prevent soil erosion. ctive soil conservation designed to be 21 The Act declares all ghauts in S Kitts-Nevis to be areas of special concern to be managed in the public interst in stable and productive natural drainage. With regard to watershed conservation the act states that the Minister shall, in consultation with the Conservation Commission and the Water Board, make Regulations to conserve and develop the Nation's water resources to prevent or reduce soil erosion. The objective is to...
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Schwartz Grabert 1973 Coastal Processes and Prehistoric Maritime Cultures Puget Sound-Strait of Georgia

...stratum yielded ages of 2,340, 1,640, 1,300, and 960 yr B.P. (all + 200 years) respectively. Occupation of the Cherry Point site followed a series of geomorphic events. As the Fraser Glaciation waned rebound in the vicinity of Cherry Point raised the Bellingham Glaciomarine Drift to positions where the previously mentioned faint strand lines, landward of today’s terrace, were formed. Erosion at surf base (Dietz, 1963) led to development of the terrace, as the nearshore bottom, and a r of sand was over the wave-cut drift surface. Continued rebound raised the terrace furthur, exposing it as a part of the coastal zone. The patches of gravel and cobble at the base of the lower cultural zone may represent remnants of the receding shoreline. Human traffic across the new coastline is indicated by the numerous firepits and abundant artifacts. Presumably the people lived back of the beach and discarded their shells in the backshore. Their maritime culture is attested to by the net and line sinkers and anchor stones. Gradually a soil zone developed and thickened over the backshore region, incorporating furthur cultural material. Over a period of time, glacial rebound, moving the terrace upward at...
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WATER LOG 17-3 1997 Mississippi Alabama Coastal Legal Issues

...set aside for wildlife management. The Nature Conservancy also monitors the Grand Bay reserve acreage as part of its Grand Bay Savanna Bioreserve project. The project represents an effort by The Nature Conservancy to develop onservation strategies to lessen impacts of human activities. While not legally “set aside” like the state and federal areas, bioreserve moni- toring is one more example of the conservation efforts in practice at Grand Bay. Finally, Grand Bay’s location represents a rare coexistence of industry and conservation. To the west of Grand Bay sits a large industrial area, complete with the Chevron oil refinery. To the east stretches one of the last largely uninterrupted coastlines in the country. The endurance of this pristine area depends upon cooperative efforts between the coastal industries and the man- agers of the lands. Like any proposed site, the Grand Bay estuary must climb a number of rungs in order to ascend to reserve status. Grand Bay has passed through the site selection process. Mississippi is in the early stages of the site designation process. (see process outline pg.3) On August 6, 1997, the DMR held the first Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan scoping meet...
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Back 1981 Hydromythology Ethnohydrology New World WRR IRF

...Moche culture (100-800 A.D.) the people were quite adept at water management [Lumbreras, 1974, p. 102], and the irrigation systems of the later Wari and Chimus (Figure 6) were extremely elaborate and complex and covered essentially all of the land that was capable of being ir- rigated [Meggers, 1972]. The advanced agricultural activities of the Mochica people is evident not only in the rich valleys but also in the marginal areas that they brought under cultivation through great irriga- tion works. In all the valleys that they dominated are canals and aqueducts, some of which are utilized at the present. One of the most impressive is the canal of La Cumbre, 113 km long, that is fed from the headwaters of the Chicama River and irrigates the fields near Chan Chan. In order to cross the ravines, numerous aqueducts were built; one of the most im- portant is the Ascope, with a length of 1400 m, built on fill. This Mochica aqueduct is one of the master engineering works of ancient Peru [Hoyle, 1946, pp. 162-163]. The natural desolation of the coastal desert is in sharp con- trast to the abundance of the sea because the upwelling...
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Zube Pitt 1980 CrossCulturalPerceptions Scenic Heritage Landscapes LandscapePlanning

...percent of non-Virgin Island West Indians increased from 13% to 28% during the same time. The balance of the population (approximately 25%) came from Puerto Rico, United States, Europe and Central and South America. A major landscape planning program was initiated in 1974 under the aegis of the United States Coastal Zone Management Program (CZM). The pur- pose of this Program is to harmonize aesthetic, cultural, economic and environmental values and to balance environmental protection and economic development within the coastal zone. . - The sa zone is the economic ne of the Virgin Islands. Tourism is the single most important economic activity and a major coastal zone land use in the form of recreation beaches, harbors, hotels and re- sorts. Other primary coastal oriented economic activities include Tight manufacturing, aluminum processing and oil refining (Virgin Isdn ning Office, 1977a). An important component of. the CZM planning program was a survey of residents' perceptions of coastal values and attitudes about coastal land uses. The survey addressed four topics: (1) perceived scenic quality of the shorelines of the three major islands; (2) perceived importance of coastal problems such as erosion, beach access, pollution, removal of sand (3) attitudes towards in- from beaches...
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1988 Historic Resources US Virgin Islands Review Assessment NPS

...fall within the zone of concern relating to the Biosphere Reserve. Nearly all of the sites outside park boundaries fall under the jurisdiction of the Virgin Islands Coastal Zone Management program. Development pressures on Coral Bay are intensifying, and the area's cultural and natural resources are increasingly threatened by the resorts and commercial estab- construction of homesites, subdivisions, lishments, as well as by the arrival of growing numbers of water recreationists. The situation is complicated by the fact that Virgin Islanders, who own most of the area's land resources, are being compel- 32, & f ¢ ¥ 4 3 | &) e % 5 y, 34 =3 / e R N 4 Se 2 ' R i S i w2 | 2 8 d = X v 7 p 2 4 L ] gy % , L) % ¥y P R - Frederik’s Fort at Coral Bay (from Gjessing) devel- led by rising land values and taxes to sell their properties to opers, or to become developers. Concurrently, activities by real estate agents and outside investors to secure family owned lands are causing social disruptions. No comprehensive growth management plan exists for the area outside of NPS boundaries, or for the Coral Bay area as a whole...
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SeaGrant70s Vol8No3 Mar1978 NauticalArchaeology Bass TAMU

...Better than 95 percent Coastal Zone Management dissolved total nitrogen removal was obtained. Net dissolved organic nitrogen production, which would offset dissolved inor- BEACH EROSION INVENTORY OF HORRY, GEORGETOWN, AND ganic nitrogen removal, did not occur. Pond particulate nitrogen BEAUFORT COUNTIES, SOUTH CAROLINA. Dennis K. Hubbard, John output was usually less than dissolved total nitrogen removal. H. Barwis, Francis Lesesne, Michae! F. Stephen and Miles O. Hayes, 61 PP, December 1977. SC-SG-77-8. Editor, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services, S. C. Marine Resources Center, P. O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC 29412. Biological Oceanography A summary of beach erosion-deposition trends for Horry, George- ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT LIMITATIONS OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON PRO- town and Beaufort counties is provided. Shoreline positions were DUCTIVITY IN THE APALACHICOLA BAY SYSTEM. Vernon B. Myers measured from sequential vertical aerial photographs covering the 8 T period 1940 to 1973, as well as from historical charts dating to fish. Even if the costs of capital and labor are relatively low, if 1859. It is hoped that the information contained in this report the costs of obtaining bait are excessively high, the required will be used in formulating management plans which allow for optimum but sensible...
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Document 64913530

...face. Pointing of earlier periods was usually struck off flush with the masonry. In course of time the mortar has weathered back, and the edges of stone or brick have become rounded off. In order therefore to obtain a "tight" joint, the surface of pointing should be slightly recessed so that the mortar does not spread over the edges of the stone. If this happens, the skin has no hold on the surface, and in course of time it will flake off. If on the other hand the stone or brick is soft and weathers easily, a pocket will be formed behind the skin of mortar, and this will be readily enlarged by wind erosion. For this reason the mortar should never be harder than the material which it is binding, and a lime mortar with a very small cement content is usually best. A typical mix is % : . 2 H . 7 of cement, lime and sand. Joints should be raked out in order to remove all dirt or loose mortar. They should then be thoroughly washed with fresh water, using a hose or garden syringe. It is essential that brickwork or masonry is well wetted before pointing is carried out...
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1990 NationalTrust ImpactHurricaneHugo HistoricPlaces NC SC PR USVI

...which affected over twenty counties in the eastern half of the state. Inland, as well as beachfront communities were ravaged by the surges and heavy rains continued to fall after the storm had left the area. This further compounded the difficulties encountered as flooding of streets and inundation of roofless buildings was widespread. The town of McClellanville and one barrier island, Sullivan’s Island, are the developed areas which received the major impact of the storm. Some communitites upstate received even greater damage than coastal communities north of McClellanville. As Hugo approached North Carolina on the evening of September 22nd, it slammed into the state in the area around Charlotte with winds still in the range of 100 miles per hour. Some strong tornado activity was especially harmful to forest resources. Rural areas were hard hit as well. THE HISTORIC RESOURCES IN AREAS AFFECTED BY HURRICANE HUGO The distinctive attributes of the historic, prehistoric, natural and cultural resources found in the path of Hurricane Hugo are as rich and varied as those in any part of the country. They represent sites of the indigenous cuitures of the region, sitey and structures from the earliest periods of Furopean and African dccupants...
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SHA Newsletter Vol21 No1 March1988

...included several early bird tours, workshops on tin cans and ceramics, a reception at the Nevada Historical Society, a banquet in Virginia City, and post-conference tours. The J C. Harrington Award for 1988 was pre- sented to Edward B. Jelks in recognition of his many contributions to historical archaeology and to SHA The career and accomplishments of Dr. Jelks was ably summarized by Dr. Michael D. Wiant, Associate Curator of Anthropology at the lllinois State Museum, Spring- field. The meeting was sponsored by the University of Nevada, Reno, the Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, and the Nevada Historical Society. The Conference Chair was Donald L. Hardesty, Underwater SHA Program Chair Eugene M. Hattori, Program Chair James Delgado, and the Book Room Organizer was Carol Ruppe EDITOR'S COMMENT As you have noticed, the Newsletter looks a little different. In order to cut costs, a few ha have been made in terms of print and paper. The size of print has been reduced to 80% of original and paper These rela- color has been changed to near white. tively simple hn will result in a savings of perhaps 30-40% of previous total costs. Sav resulting from Newsletter...
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Document 6917900d

...the potential social and cultural problems faced by policymakers in managing the fisheries. Displacement from fishing should have differing impacts on those affected. Age, education, non-maritime work experience and willingness to relocate inland are among the variables identified as salient. While measures to save the fisheries are desirable, contingency plan- ning against possible failure of such measures or for a workforce displaced by management schemes should take into account the mobility potential and occupational culture discussed in this report. Contents Crisis in Fishing The Two Populations 9 Fishing as a Way of Life 17 Alternatives to Fishing 25 39 Two Possible Approaches / M y’ / b ( { | ki / / £~ [ é & 2 l - =, 7 T AT 3 o S & — - . = = >3 - == = e L ® "< Wi S N f = ¢ ~ b =S B S | 1 N Al 4 (4 S NN > AN N N H { 1) & A NN N Crisis in Fishing Introduction This is an account of social science research about the occupational world of the commercial fisherman. In 1970 and 1971 we had conducted a study of fishermen in the port of Galilee, Rhode Island, where our findings reflected their confidence...
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Ubelaker 1980 Human Bones and Archeology HCRS Publication43

U.S. Department Cultural Resource MemSe of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Human Bones Interagency Archeological Services and Archeology WER L \ W) y 3 AL \ L \ k| 4 L) % v A ¥ A N b\ % . &4 N P \ \ i { Y AR % & \ \ L 3! N >~ &3 A Ak . = 3 A W T S ~ - > 1 & 3 - N Cultural Resource Management Studies HUMAN BONES AND ARCHEOLOGY Douglas H. Ubelaker Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. prepared for Interagency Archeological Service Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 T Y e a . A L FOREWORD To the public, one of the most provocative but least understood aspects of archeology is the excavation and study of human skeletons. In order to clarify the motives and methods behind such studies we requested the help of the Smithsonian Institution in preparing this short explanation, and we hope it helps eliminate some of the misunderstandings that surround such work. Human bones represent only a small part of our nation's cultural heritage, a part of the utmost significance but...
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Pulsipher 1989 Montserrat Hurricane Hugo Impact and Response Study

...a relatively prosperous, internally self-governing, developing country, with a i culture of Anglo/African derivation, makes the island a particularly useful microcosm for studying the response to disaster, At mid-point between the modern and the developing worlds, Montserrat! S experiences in recovery should prove of use to either side of the development continuum. - Even Montserrat's physical environment presents features that facilitate wider applications. Though the island contains an astonishing array of tropical environments from perpetually moist elfin woodland on her highest peaks to coastal deserts. ' current situation offers a unique opportunity to turn disaster into a potent ial benefit; and the island's experiences, if well documented and analyzed, should be useful nearly every year somewhere on earth. A detailed examination of the island's short- term and long-term recovery--pnys al, Soclal, economic an: c turai--wil Proviae valuable insights into tne pest ways to nandie preparat ior. or and response to natural and man-made di Sasters in tne wiaer worl. We nave tne opporturity to uy what happens wnen a society suffers nearly total du-nn i S physical environment endures a major assault and its social service delivery systenms including housing, food...
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1974 Caribbean Cruise Conservation Preservation Clinics Report IRF NTHP CCA

...visited still have various species of the parrot, and programs are being started to breed more of the irds. Second, questions were raised regarding the park systems of the islands, which often include historic sites. Because there is limited land available for devel- opment, the park system includes provisions for land and site conservation. How- ever, this dual system causes difficult management problems because of the diver- sification of the parks (many include habitat areas, forests, recreational areas and historic areas). Third, concern for the quality of the coastal marine environments was expressed. Many of the coastal areas are linked to historic sites, such as the ruins in St. Eustatius that are submerged and threatened by an active marine development pro- gram. The idea of a marine ark as developed in Florida is relatively new and is one item to which the conservation organizations will be giving more attention. Conservation in the Caribbean cannot be separated into the man-made and the natural because too few people and groups are interested in conservation to do the work. The organizations, for the most part, have included both elements in their programs and charters. The workshops encouraged the small organizations and gave...
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Towle 1978 Historic Site Preservation Caribbean Status Report IRF

...and coolant for the main floor above. The entrance was usually marked by a staircase or pair of staircases leading to the second or main floor, this level comprising the reception areas and the bedrooms. In some cases, these rooms were connected via an exter- ior arched or louvered gallery or corridor, in others by interior corridors or a central court which joined the various spaces. The functional spaces, that is the kitchen and bathing facili- ties, were in separate structures apart from the main house. FORTS AND BATTERIES. In the Caribbean, there existed basically three types of fortifications: coastal batteries which were only effective against small incur- sions of privateers or hostile forces; regular forts which gave protection to the main towns, entrances to harbors, and to merchant shipping; and major fortifications which did not necessar- 9/ See Richard Pares, ily command a strategic point but served as a War and Thade 4in the West final citadel of defense for combatants and, Tndies, 1739-1763 (Lon- more importantly, as a place of refuge or re- don: Frank Cass and Co. treat for non-combatants in times of hostili- Ltd., 1963) and David ties. 9/ It should be noted that...
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SHA Newsletter Vol22 No3 Oct1989

...Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, phone: (202) 357-2025. WISCONSIN State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Concurrent with its efforts to survey and evaluate submerged cultural resources on Wisconsin bottomlands, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin conducted a marine magnetometer survey of Lake Michigan’s Death’s Door Passage this past July in cooperation with East Carolina University. The project was co-staffed by the State Historical Society and East rolina, and was conducted as part of East Carolina’s annual summer field school in maritime history and underwater research. Additional uipment (including a research vessel) was provided by niversity of Wisconsin-Sea Grant and funding assistance for field operations was provided by the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program. The Survey, centered on one of the largest con- centrations of historic vessel losses in the state, covered approximately sixteen square kilometers. Archeologists used a proton precession magnetometer to locate targets, anomalies which were verified by diving. were recorded and selected Some 58 magnetic targets were inspected. The scattered remains and debris fields per- tained to the sites of fifteen historical shipwrecks, three of which were the subject of a preliminary survey by the Society by the previous field season. The 1989...
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Information Memorandum Sea Level Rise Coastal Zone Management Issue2 Feb1992

...the adoption of integrated coastal management for the following purposes: 1) as one compo- nent of an effective response to the threat of ASLR; 2) asa primary tool in securing sustainable development and use of a nation’s coastal zone, with special re- gard for the protection of productive ecosystems; and 3) as a framework for addressing nation-specific coastal prob- lems and opportunities such as aquacul- ture development, combating coastal erosion, promoting sustainable tourism development, etc. These purposes are also consistent with the UNCED Agenda 21 objectives and activities as currently constituted in Section II, Chapter 9, as previously mentioned. The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has requested the assistance of Robert W. Knecht, the first Director of the Of- fice of Coastal Zone Management (1973- 1979) and currently Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Marine Policy, Graduate College of Marine Studies, at the University of Delaware, to conduct a series of small workshops with CZM experts from developing nations in the regions of Central/South America, S.E. Asia, and the Pacific. The goals of the workshops are to explore the following questions: [ What specific roles can coastal management programs play in...
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Caribbean Regional Planning Adaptation Global Climate Change GEF OAS WorldBank 1996

...increase beach and coastal erosion, and aggravate the impact of tropical storms. It also threatens the disproportionate share of industrial, tourism, energy, transport, and communications infrastructure concentrated in the coastal zone. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has calculated first order costs for protection of Caribbean shorelines from future sea level rise —including low coasts, cities, harbors, island elevations and beach nourishment, but excluding unprotected dry lands or ecosystems that may be lost, and the impacts of saline intrusion and increased storm frequency. For Caribbean island territories, the projected cost of new construction alone would be $11.1 billion, which is well beyond the combined investment capacity of their economies. Other more cost-effective adaptation measures are therefore called for. 4 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES 3 The region has been active in addressing many of the issues brought about by the threat of global climate change (GCC). In particular: (a) all member States of CARICOM have ratified or are about to ratify the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC); (b) the region has been active in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) —- especially in the Coastal Zone Management Subgroup of the Response...
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Reid Trexler 1991 Climate Change US Coastal Biodiversity WRI IRF

...cli- mate change is experienced as, say, intense storms and tidal surges, political pressure could easily be brought to bear to protect property interests. In Chatham, Massachusetts, a small group of deter- mined landowners got policies against coastal defenses overturned when it became clear they were about to lose their houses through coastal erosion (Fischman and St. Amand 1990). In the af- termath of Hurricane Hugo, political pressure that had already been building to reform South Caroli- na’s strict Beachfront Management Act of 1988 quickly succeeded in making the law considerably more flexible from the standpoint of landowners (Fischman 1990).23 One innovative idea for overcoming future po- litical opposition has been put forward by Joseph Sax (Sax 1989). His proposal involves the “‘pur- chase” of an “‘insurance policy’’ against the day that sea level rise requires abandonment of private property. Property owners today would sell the conservation or flowage easement to their land to the government, but instead of being paid in cash they would receive the insurance policy. This in- surance policy would stay with the property over time, helping maintain its value and reducing land- owner incentives to take protective measures. The money itself would be...
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CPACC Caribbean Adaptation Climate Change Project Overview 1997

...Since population and econ ase beach and coastal erosion and the impact of omic activities are concentrated in the coastal zone, sea level rise threatens a disproporti onate share of industrial, tourism, energy, transport and communications infrastruct ure. The need for measures to reduce vulnerability cannot be more clear. The IPCC has calculated first order costs for including low coasts, cities and harb protection of Ca ribbean shorelines rom future sea level rise, ors thro ugh island elevation and beach nourishment. Estimates exclude costs for unprotected dry lands ecosystems th at may not be lost 3 and th frequency. With respect to Caribbean is e impact of saline intrusion and increased storm billion, which is well beyond the comb : and territories, the projec ted cost of new construction alone is USS$11.1 ined investment ca pacity of their economies. Other more cost-effective adaptation measures are therefore needed. Legal Framework O T 4 EXHIBIT COPY of 5 6/12/97 4:15 PM ——— . ‘Management Information Tracking System Web -- Home RR http://www.cpacc.org/home.html Global concern about accelerated climate change and its repercussions prompted the international community to begin negotiating a Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC.) in...
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Roy Connell 1991 Climatic Change Future Atoll States JCR 7-4 1057-1075

...such as bananas are future seems to follow inevitably from a green- also cultivated. Because of the small size and house-induced warming of the atmosphere, the low elevation of atoll islands, virtually all there is growing evidence that its impact will plants have some tolerance to salt spray and not be the same everywhere. BRYANT (1988) has brackish groundwater conditions. Species such as the coconut and pandanus can withstand shown how past sea level changes have been influenced by local factors both climatic and quite high levels of salt and even occasional oceanographic—factors whose variability may inundation by storm waves. In contrast, swamp change with the GE. In this context it is note- taro and Cyrtosperma taro are much more sen- worthy that, for atoll islands, a decrease in the sitive to salinity changes and grow in low areas, frequency of large storms may cause an usually manually excavated taro pits in the increase in coastal erosion. The nature of exist- central parts of islands. Salinity causes a sub- ing coastlines, whether cliffed, sandy, swampy stantial reduction in taro productivity (e.g. etc., will also determine the impact of the GE LEVIN, 1976; BATES and ABBOTT, 1958). (SHORT...
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Kosrae Pacific Islands Sustainable Development Study Colby 1993

...common environmental obstacles to sustainability on Pacific islands. Amongst the most common local problems are:* o Reef destruction (primarily for material for road construction) Erosion and Sedimentation (from land clearing) o Terrestrial habitat destruction (mangroves, freshwater swamps, uplands) o Water pollution (inconsistent maintenance of sewage systems, animal and solid waste) o Over-exploitation of renewable resources (e.g., reef fishery and forests) e Coastal erosion, mainly on atolls The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, in its recent Pacific Island Developing Countries’ report to the United Nations Conference on Environment & Development (SPREP, 1992), identified a longer list of issues and constraints, sometimes involving global forces, that threaten prospects for sustainable development on Pacific islands (in no particular order): Climate change and sea level rise * Population growth e Environmental health (especially sanitary water supplies) Decision-making processes re: environment and development ¢ Energy ¢ Management of land resources e Deterioration of traditional systems e Loss of biodiversity ¢ Management of freshwater resources ¢ Management of wastes, toxic, and hazardous substances e Low economic potential, high unemployment and poverty Weak education and low public awareness Increasing dependence on the global economy Degradation of coastal and living marine rsources; sustaining their development 4 Sea...
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OAS Caribbean Planning Adaptation Global Climate Change CPACC ProjectStatus 1996

...countries. The preliminary Coastal Zone Management Studies of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that the need to implement strategies to cope with sea level rise is more urgent the previously thought. Natural systems which help protect marine and coastal resources are already being degraded by anthropogenic activities. Mangroves, which buffer the land from storm surges and the sea from land-based sources of pollution, are being depleted. Uncontrolled or ill-conceived development schemes, over-exploitation of living marine resources, and impacts related to urbanization, tourism, and agriculture all contribute to decreased resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems. As a consequence, the vulnerability of coastal resources and infrastructure to sea level rise increases constantly, underscoring the urgent need for an integrated framework for addressing these issues. The difficulties are compounded by the inadequacy of data and lack of either suitable information systems or a coordinated institutional structure to managing coastal and marine resources. Adding to these existing stresses are the impacts that would be caused by sea level rise as predicted. The Caribbean islands are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, which is likely to affect freshwater supply and increase beach and coastal erosion and the impact of...
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Buddemeier 1991 Economic Development Climate Change Tropical Coasts Islands Coral Reefs PSAIB v43n1-2

...climate pattern changes or the nature of the specific local and regional changes to be expected. We therefore find ourselves in the position of trying to anticipate and prepare for massive environmental changes whose exact nature we cannot predict, The primary objective of this paper is the presentation of a useful discussion of climate-change issues and possible strategies for development, planning, and resource management in developing tropical countries, This requires description of the present conditions and existing climate-related environmental problems in such areas, and also consideration of the range, diversity, and potential interactions of both predictable and currently unpredictable impacts of future climate change. Vol. 43, No. 1-2 Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin The Oceanic Tropics = In the geographic regions of interest, the world is mostly water, and temperature ranges are small. Climate is therefore as much a matter of oceanography as of atmospheric science. In small nations, and especially in island nations, a much larger percentage of land, people, and resources will necessarily occur within the coastal zone than is the case for a large, continental country. Because of this, and because open ocean waters are less biologically productive in the tropics than at higher...
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Vulnerability Assessment Accelerated Sea Level Rise Majuro Atoll Marshall Islands NOAA IPCC SPREP 1992

...as it relates to coastal erosion and sea encroachment. This vulnerability assessment identified a number of data gaps which required many assumptions and generalizations to be made, better assessments in the future can be made only if the data is available such as bathymetry, topography, etc. There will be a concern to extend the analysis to other islands, even those less populated than Majuro and Ebeye and while extrapolation of the results of this study may serve in assessing the other areas for broad-scale planning purposes, future studies as deemed necessary should be site- specific. 2) Consider the long-term freshwater needs of the growing population and the role of the freshwater lens in Laura. Monitor groundwater for determining status and trends in groundwater quantity and quality. Factor in the diminution of the lens due to various ASLR scenarios in order to begin planning for supplemental water needs which is likely to occur prior to serious saltwater intrusion based on population growth rates and the potential for overdrafting. Clearly, the two factors should be considered together. 3) Consider establishing an environmental data system for collecting and collating data for and environmental monitoring, planning 1 = management which can also...
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Buddemeier 1991 Economic Development Climate Change Tropical Coasts Islands Coral Reefs PSAIB v43n1-2

...climate pattern changes or the nature of the specific local and regional changes to be expected. We therefore find ourselves in the position of trying to anticipate and prepare for massive environmental changes whose exact nature we cannot predict. The primary objective of this paper is the presentation of a useful discussion of climate-change issues and possible strategies for development, planning, and resource management in developing tropical countries. This requires description of the present conditions and existing climate-related environmental problems in such areas, and also consideration of the range, diversity, and potential interactions of both predictable and currently unpredictable impacts of future climate change. — Vol. 43, No. 1-2 Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin The Oceanic Tropics - In the geographic regions of interest, the world is mostly water, and temperature ranges are small. Climate is therefore as much a matter of oceanography In small nations, and as of atmospheric science. especially in island nations, a much larger percentage of land, people, and resources will necessarily occur within the coastal zone than is the case for a large, continental country. Because of this, and because open ocean waters are less biologically productive in the tropics than at higher latitudes...
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