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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...heavy runoff and sediment discharge has even damaged seagrass beds and coral 19 20 reefs, affecting fishing and recreational uses (McElroy et al., 1990). In addition, large-scale monocropping for export tends to promote erosion because It of heavy nutrient loss through wholesale removal of biomass at harvesting. also requires intensive fertilizer and pesticide use to substitute for the lost natural fertility and pest control exhibited by balanced systems. Such applications reduce biological diversity and organic defenses against major infestations (Imamura, 1988). In the second case, the seawater buffering system -- reefs, seagrass beds, littoral vegetation, mangroves -- stabilizes shorelines and protects agricultural (coconuts) and fishing activities from tropical storms and tidal waves. This protection is extremely important in the small OECS islands because they lie in a hurricane corridor. Reefs are especially valuable because they build islands, deposit sand, produce food and habitats, and promote tourism. They form the foremost buffer against sea swells. Seagrass beds, mangroves, and beach vegetation hold shorelines in place and absorb salt spray. In some islands, these relationships have been seriously altered by development thrusts, and natural processes have broken down. Indiscriminate bottom dredging and reef blasting for sand and for constructing harbors and tanker ports...

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1996-09 MonthlyBulletin Bermuda PlantProtectionLab Refurbishment CoralReefs WeatherSummary

...deserts, soaking up every drop of fertiliser that comes their way, and then recycling it tightly within their own boundaries. Coral reef organisms, many of which are cooperative ventures between plants and animals, construct much of the environment in which they thrive. Like the inner city which it resembles in many ways, a living reef is relentlessly torn down and rebuilt, simultaneously decaying and being rehabilitated. While the hard skeletons of stony corals make up the main framework of a reef, a host of other organisms such as coralline algae, sea mosses and worm snails fill in the gaps and cement everything together. Whatever surface is not already taken up by a living builder is immediately occupied by algae, sponges and soft corals — which in turn attract browsers, grazers and predators like crabs, snails, sea urchins and fish. Yet at the same time, the reef’s very foundations are already being undermined by burrowing sponges, clams and barnacles, and after a hurricane huge chunks of honeycombed rock may be seen scattered about, leaving the reef scar-faced but with opportunities for a new generation of settlers. Wolfgang E. Sterrer Curator, Natural History Museum [Reprinted in part from North Rock Magazine...

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Lathwell 1974 Report Caribbean Tropical America Soils Conference UWI Trinidad 1973

...interstitial reef debris and coral sand. Several soils were viewed that had developed on this coral material. The soils described as Associations although the descrip- tions n to series descriptions. Tentstive placement of the soil associations into Soil Orders was made during the course of the The first association examined was the So0il Association. This soil occurred on rolling topography at low . The drainage of the soil appears to be good. The soil is a dlack clay to the perent rock. CaCo is present in small quantities throughout. The soil is likely e 3 Mollisol e is a Rendoll. Its properties are given in Table 13. The profile description follows: Depth Description (moist) cm 0-15 Black (N 2/0) clay; strong changing to moderate subangular blocky structure with depth; friable to firm with depth; sticky when wet; roots plentiful; fregments of marl up to 1.5 cm diemeter common; gradual smooth boundary. 15-30 Black (N 2/0) compact clay; moderate medium subangular o structure; firm; sticky and plastic when wet; roots common; gradual. smooth boundary. 30-60 Black (N 2/0) compact clay; structureless; firm, very sticky and plastic when wet; clear smooth boundary. 60-5 Gritty coral...

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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...indicated ‘“‘stewponds” existing on the grounds of monasteries and large estates. worldwide fisheries pointed to over-exploitation bringing about startling decreases in the catch of Dating possibly as far back as the 15th century fish worldwide. the Hawaiian slands have been noted for the construction and operation of fishponds as a Compounding this problem as the decade of the 70’s began was the advent of the energy method of “fattening and storing fish for food.” The ponds often measured in the tens of acres crisis. Research was immediately directed to the and stone. The value of the catch in weight relative to the cost with walls built of coral Hawaiians had a great deal of knowledge regard- or time spent in fishing. The results of these studies among other thing indicated that the cost ing the breeding cycles of fish and as a result a system of taboos was maintained preventing the of gathering the last few percents of fish in a school is much greater than that spent to capture taking of certain fish during their spawning season. the majority of the school. In other words, the cost per ton of taking the last two percent would In...

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Wider Caribbean Environmental Agricultural Constraints and Resource Management AMBIO 1981

...Some rivers in Colombia, Mexico. Guatemala and the United States are currently being monitored for various pollutants or pollu- However, the tant-related parameters. number involved to date is still quite li- mited (19). Monitoring and control of pollution from rivers flowing into coastal man- groves, lagoons, estuaries and coral reefs are of particular importance because these areas are the primary source of biological productivity for the Wider Caribbean Re- gion, and they are vulnerable to damage from run-off. For exainple, the increased sediment loads from many small rivers (resulting from soil erosion) have proved fatal to coral reefs and other communities (20). Urban 1000 in1000s Pop. t 3 { 41 21 57 404 31 21 15 s & 13 1 ya i ni £ 5% 0 i ) 3 b = the three reef systems analyzed. those in the Gulf of Mexico had a higher level of these residues. Another study of plankton and a variety of shrimp and fish from the Gulf of Mexico and the Northern Carib- bean showed that DDTs were widely dis- tributed, although the levels were general- ly low (16). Samples with the highest con- centrations were found along coastal areas. In addition, these toxic compounds...

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StVincent AgriculturalRehabilitation DiversificationProject SettlementAreas Annex1

W Gy o 0] N ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES ANNEX 1 o AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION AND DIVERSIFICATION PROJECT LOCATION OF SETTLEMENT AREAS I " 0 . STVINCENT [ ProJect Ara for Phase II Settlamnt == Maln Highway 1 57 tow =—wHighway ( Acres Srriov 1l Connyan 1 | < Foncy T w Wl o N it ¢ or Le Suthrlond l Sody &o oo ell l 0 ‘ Nee Sonds Boy Villoge PHASE ] ¥ SETTLEMENT ono 8oy ) S e (3, ve) ¢ M Rood) === todory oo Y mond ® Mam Civey > ° Town 2,600~ A T === Pansh boundori / l 4 - angley Park l./ o Q er Pet ongiey Pork =% 50) ay 7 7 &5 UL IR Chopmon % A 5 Coral Villoge 1 GEORGETOWN lly l peerall Si 7 - Grand Sable Lone Mohaw 8oy Cuo B (150) o p ee : Brero Villoge y Wolliloboy [ ~ 1 Colonarle 0oy (1,300) 3, o P (210) 500 Keorin 22 OHermioge s - UI Peter & ~- “ ¥ Domond S8ans 8oucl Pbers —~— M Som Sow (90) Noh Unw oy Leeward = V Hghway | r Lomont L D Cadon South Unien oy - Vermt - oL LAYOU Y. -* Cubon 2 < " Richlond ueccamens Sy 7, ANDRE...

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Danforth 1935 Birds of Barbuda Economic Importance Puerto Rican Avifauna JAgricUnivPR VolXIIX No4

...Danforth and J. Adgar Smyth TT 485 PURLISHED BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Rio PiEDRas, P. R, Issp DEXCEMBER 1935 THE BIRDS OF BARBUDA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR ECO- NOMIC IMPORTANCE, AND RELATIONSHIP TO THE PUERTO RICAN AVIFAUNA By StuART T. DANFORTH Professor of Zoology and Entomology, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts University of Puerto Rico Barbuda is a low coral island surroundedi by dangerous reefs situated twenty-five miles 'due north of Antigua in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles It has an area.of 62 square miles The island is very flat, most of it being scarcely twenty feet above the sea, and so level that in order to drive teams (or automobiles, if there were any on the island) all that is necessary is to clear away sufficient brush. In the eastern part of the island there are some low limestone hills known as The Highlands, the highest point of which attains an elevation of 205 feet In the western part of the island is an enormous shallow salt lagoon known as the Salt Pond or the Lagoon, with an outlet to the sea at its northern end, and bounded on the west by a...

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1989 Courier115 StVincentGrenadines Bananas Economy DevelopmentAid

...consists (7 square miles), Canouan and Musti- strictly regulated, with a requirement of a chain of islands in the Eastern que, stretch 45 miles or so south of Caribbean, one of the four island the main island and are distinct in that new ventures be demonstrably to the benefit of the country as a states that make up the Windward important ways from it. For one thing whole. group, with another to the south they correspond perfectly to the (Grenada) and to the north (St. romantic perception of the Carib- What future for the Lucia). St. Vincent itself is the main bean, the “shining waters and coral island in the chain (or the mainland, strand” immortalised by Harry Bela- banana industry? as it is known), some 18 miles long fonte, ideal escapes for the discerning St. Vincent lives by bananas, and and 11 miles wide. Mountainous and rich, whether temporarily or perma- almost by bananas alone. The mar- fertile, it is the tip of a volcanic nently. Some of the islands—some- keting arrangement is one that has mountain chain which formed in the what to the regret of Vincentians existed since the 1950s when the area many millions of...

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Siemers 1988 Energy Consumption Bakery Sector StVincent Grenadines

...A. Highlights of the Survey B. The National Framework c. The Local Framework D. The Possible Improvements E. The Pipe Oven at Fancy Village F. The Possible Dissemination Process E - S. DUTLOOK AND RECOMMENDATIONS LTU ) = - CURRENCY U ——— (Dollars refer to East Caribbean Dollars or otherwise ) & R G — gallon — litre diesel — 1b LP6 — gallon diesel — bottle LPG — cord wood kg wood — bag rl kg Coal tonne 1b LP6 — tonne wood — tonne LPGE — tonne diesel tonne diesel L] 115$1.00 = EC5$2.74 = a1 37 M 20.5 MJ 4.2 EC 100 lbs 128 cubic feet or 1,330 kg 18 MJ . kg 26 1,000 kg 0.454 kg LP 0.34 (tonnes of oil equivalent) 08 TOE TOE 1,186 1 3.3ft 10.8¢t2 Extracted FROM: STOVES AND OVENS ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE BAKERY SECTOR OF ST.VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES BY WERNER SIEMERS GCR BIOMASS CDB/GATE BARBADOS, APRIL 1988 1 n E o APPENDICES 1. Copy of guestionnaire Map of St. Vincent i1ndicat ing Bakery Locations 3s Results of Survey Table | - Energy Consuamption Table 2 - Additional Information 4. Material List for Pipe Oven, Fancy Village S. Woodburning Ovens for Rural Bakeries 6. Drawing...

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AguiarMuxella GranularActivatedCharcoal RumProcessing UPRMayaguez 1973

...3). lTrade names are used in this paper solely for the purpose of Mention of trades names does providing specific information. not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the equipment by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Puerto Rico, or an endorsement by the Station over other equipment not mentioned. D. Selecting the best from among charcoal samples In general the procedure to evaluate charcoal previously described 500 grams of each granular acti- (4) was followed: vated charcoal and the mixture of two of them were powdered, SO that each could pass through a sieve (300 mesh). Then, the char- loads were coal dried at 150°C for 3 hours after which they were placed into a dessicator until used. One gram of paper pulp was mixed oghl for 1 minute with 1 liter of water. This suspension was filtered n order to provide a coating on the filter itself. Two liters of the rum were mixed with the charcoal being evaluated for 3 minutes, The first and then filtered through the pulp-covered filter. The remainder was 500 milliliters of filtrate were discarded. collected and analyzed. Total filtration time was approximate- ly 5 minutes. Doses of 2.5...

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Caribbean Development Bank 1981 Biogas for the Caribbean Annotated Bibliography

...pla berter NIGHT SOIL 5 — M KITCHEN WASTE ELECTRICITY w g PG PRODUCTION DOMESTIC BIOGAS GENERATION o o S\ — Al SUGARCANE b T t e PRODUGTION o E T ] SILK L 2 A , F15 POND 5 & 5L0 A A | e mor £ e ——— o LT > 2, T~ oA ATER HYACINT MULBERRY BANANA \Q), PRODUCTION N PRODUC The diagram above shows the relationships among crops, livestock biogas system and human habitation as practiced in Guangdong Province of China. The community produces sugar cane, silk, fish, pigs, bananas and semi-processed r - The electricity generated by the biogas-powered generator now covers 40 of the production team's electricity consumption, the remainder of which Is supplied by the local power grid. In addition, biogas utilisation has largely replaced the dependence on wood for cooking and coal for drying. Similarly the sludge from the digesters has reduced the previous dependence on chemical fertilisers. _ BIBL I0GRAPHY PART |I. OVERVIEW REFERENCES DASILVA, E.J. Biogas: Fuels for Developing Countries: An Overview'. Abstracts of Selected Solar Energy Technology. Volume 1, No. Il November 1979. pp. 10-14. 662.76(100-77) . This overview article gives a short, clear outline of biogas concepts and processes...

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Paterson Philip Maynard 1986 Guide Improved Pastures Drier Eastern Caribbean CARDI

...to be sown, a better alternative is to produce seedlings in pots or plastic bags, and to transplant these into the field once they are well grown. The versatility of the plant makes it ideal for use as the protein source in a forage bank, with Elephant or Guinea grass as the energy source. It can be used to stabilize steep slopes. Two main varieties are recommend- ed for the Caribbean region, CARDI Cunningham for forage production, and Giant K8 for fence posts, fuel wood, char- coal etc. Futher information about this interesting plant is contained in the publication “Leucaena: a versatile plant” by Gerald Proverbs (1985), available from CARDI offices throughout the region. Seed Treatment of Legumes Unless fresh seed is to be sown,the germination rate of all of the legumes will be improved by scarification. Submersion in water at 50° for about 3 minutes is sufficient for most species, but in the case of Leucaena, the water should be at 80°C. Upon removal from the hot water, the seed should be rinsed in cold water and dried be- fore sowing. It should be remembered that while scarification will lead to a rapid, uniform germination, there will be...

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1986 StVincent OAS OrangeHillEstate FarmingDevelopmentPlan IanPJohn

...shows that the coconuts form a very vital wind- break throughout the estate and that during sub-division of the lands, that all windbreaks should be left intact so that irriga- tion patterns are not disturbed as sprinkler irrigation distributions can cause foliage damage to delicate crops. 2.1.3 Watersheds The consultant states that the water resource is not yet threatened by squatters and charcoal burmers, but is of the opinion that sub-division of the estate will greatly reduce pressure to invade and cultivate green lands as has occurred on other land settlements in the island. - 15 - 1 —— - ! R - = S | = e — — He recommended that specific forest areas be planted with quick growing species that can be harvested for fuel. As over 80% of farmers and settlers in the North East still burn coal and wood, Dr Morris's recommendation should be followed — The consultant also introduced a table showing the Water sheds and indicating the Dry Rivers, the acreages and proposed intakes for water supply. He goes on to describe the soils in the area as thick deposits of recent volcanic agglomerate, a heterogeneous mixture of clay to boulder with particles deposited by volcanic eruptions...

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1988 Pines Pilgrim FinalEvaluation StVincent IntegratedManagementProductionMarketingProject AID538-0147

...uc ce sS1X rc nc o t the roject = S C D r O Mk A S b=} =C x 8 EE icn €20 0 ( m al I ( 3 E LEW c th St g nsis s I 5] [ cc2, " n e ro 1 O =) 1 n 2 S = ions. ' wa pro 3 ~ [ m IShr e A oy k ar 12 SU rizer S, 0, gredles o (D n £T 1e w s for =) = ct (b (D [ Fhoer [ acc for (o orkplan G L o3J < . oe b < r N & y N i Gon " TTACHMENT iy wvito-o 5| i - N N N N B BN B N - Il | l ORGANTZATION FOR RURAL L DEYELOPHMENT LALL A ORGANTZATION CHART 1987 e e CLAL AILY [ [t — ] 1o curaL con couree MT = —| €0.08IAOX vier - - G [ (ecmicarions aion ov.) (rsousion ano ivsion) SR A0 UILE D1V 1) 0n) conroi lat] [ | RIL €OIDIHATOR Hopc o COOMDINA UK [ ™= | iza [ 111 ! ® - - ™ 03 001DINATO M nin, } Jito vie Cleek ] ATTACHMENT iv | | ] w rd s I S | INWHOVILY - ————— —— s ., a, - o ——— ———— T, — —— ACS - X —————— - ¢ P 2 e — YO » - ...

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WATER LOG 17-3 1997 Mississippi Alabama Coastal Legal Issues

...top of dead sea grass.” Kruer likened the damage to that of “bombs dropped from airplanes onto a bombing test range.”® In 1996, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began test projects for reconstruction of the area but determined that sea grass restoration at Coffins Patch Instead, the was impossible. agency will restore an off-site area previously scarred by boat ipacts. Restoration is necessary because sea grass serves an impor- tant role in the sanctuary ecosys- tem. It stabilizes the sea bottom, prevents erosion, and provides a link in the food chain. Most impor- tantly, sea grass beds provide habitat for court, testimony young fish Curtis Kruer likened and shrimp damage to “bombs species fur- airplanes onto a nishing food in waters near and provid- ing shelter from preda- tors.” The congressional findings in the Keys Act stress that “nation- ally significant marine environ- ments, including sea grass mead- ows” need protection. The MPRSA defines a sanctu- ary resource as “a living or nonliv- ing resource . . . that contributes to the conservation, recreational, eco- logical, historical, research, educa- tional, or aesthetic value of the sanctuary.”® The Act prohibits the cont. unique habitat of coral reef, sea grass...

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VIBIB Bibliographic Holdings VINP USVI Danish West Indies Prelim List 1985

...tectural Data): Resioration of the Steeple Building, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. SX: USDI, NPS, Div. of Design and Construction, 1956. 158 p. 111 maps. Survey for information on the Steeple Building in SX. Includes investigation of the existing structure. research of available records. making of measured drawings, and a comparative study of similar structures in the V1. NPX Gjessing, Frederik C. Survey Report on Christians Fort, Gladfelter, Elizabeth H. and William B. Gladfelter, eds. St. Thomas, V.1. [s.1.: USDI, NPS, Off. Archacol. Environmental Studies of Buck Island Reef National Hist. Pres., 1969. 21 p. I. Monument 111, St. Croix, U.S.V.I. SX: Fairleigh Report on what is probably the oldest standing structure in the Dickinson Univ., WIL, 1980. 124 p. Fig., tbs. USVI with an historical outline and information on its description. Third in a series o reports prepared for the NPS. USDI. on a construction. condition. and usage NPT variety of habitats within the monument area. Includes a survey of the benthic algae at a number of sites around the reef system. Also contains information on the monitoring of plankton, growth of Gjessing, Frederik C. and Woodrow W. Wilkins. His- scleractinian coral...

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Trinidad and Tobago Country Report The Courier 139 May-June 1993

...very name holds the music of the sea, the sound of the wind. Tobago is a place that lingers in the memory, a place that people come back to again and again.’ ! The language of the tourist brochure is easy to recognise as the writer seeks to capture her readers’ attention with the alluring images of a tropical island. Look at the section on Tobago in any guidebook and you will be presented with similar imagery. The product currently on offer top-quality accomodation, good food, uncrowded public beaches. an excellent golf course, a coral reef (which can be viewed from glass-bottomed boats), deep-sea fishing and a natural environ- ment of outstanding beauty — is clearly an exclusive one. Today, the island can justly claim to offer that elusive unspoilt’ quality which tourists seem to crave. But what about tomorrow ? Visitors, when they arrive in sufficient numbers. have an unfortunate tendency to spoil what was previously unspoilt. In this article, we look at how Tobago aims to avoid this particular pitfall as it moves — somewhat belatedly in comparison with other Caribbean destinations to capitalise on its undoubted tourist potential. Before discussing this crucial sector of Tobago's economy, however...

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Keegan et al 1996 Bibliography of Caribbean Archaeology Bullen Research Library FLMNH

...prehistoric West Indies. World Archaeology 26: 400-420. 1996 Columbus Was a Cannibal: Myths and the First Encounters. In Paquette, R. and Engerman, S. (eds.), The Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion, University Press of Florida, Gainesville. In press. 1996 West Indian archaeology. 2. After Columbus. Journal of Archaeological Research 4: . Keegan, William F. and Annie Cody 1989 Progress Report on the Archacological Excavation at the Site of Pearls, Grenada, August 1989. Miscellaneous Project Report Number 44, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville. Keegan, William F. and Michael J. DeNiro 1988 Stable Carbon- and Nitrogen-Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen Used to Study Coral-Reef and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Bahamian Diet. American Antiquity 53(2): 320-336. Keegan, William F. and Jared M. Diamond 1987 Colonization of Islands by Humans: A Biogeographical Perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 10, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 49-92. Academic Press, San Diego. Keegan, William F. and Morgan D. Maclachlan 1989 The Evolution of Avunculocal Chiefdoms: A Reconstruction of Taino Kinship and Politics. American Anthropologist 91:613-630. Keegan, William F. and Steven W. Mitchell 1983 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Long Island, Bahamas. Report on file...

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1977 UNESCO Development of Museums Trinidad and Tobago Almeida-Moro IRF TRP175-7-3

...Orinoco region of South America, but there are some significant variations. The vegetation is colourful and luxuriant. 20. Tobago lies approximately 20 miles from the north east tip of Trinidad and has an area of 116 square miles, 26 miles long and 8 miles wide. It is dominated by an 18 mile ridge (1800 feet) from southwest to northeast and deep fertile valleys slope down to the sea. To the southwest the ridge gives way to an extensive low-lying coral platform of the Quaternary age ance to (the Buccoo reef) where the eco-system has given a special i Tobago. The climate is tropical: mean annual temperature 26.7 C with a small temperature range (less than 5). In winter winds are north- casterly, in summer south-southeasterly and annual rainfall is not less than 150 inches on the crest of the ridge, but decreases to 45 inches on the coral platform. The main ridge is a reserve of virgin tropical forest (established in 1763), 21. The population of Trinidad and Tobago is approximately one million, about 40,000 living in Tobago. West Indian' negroes form 46% of the population of Trinidad, 36% are Asian Indians, 15% are mixed...

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Sea History No39 NMHS Spring1986 Nautical Archaeology Mary Rose Key West Coriolanus

...the name referred to the many ships that had been swept on the reefs during severe storms and destroyed. Once the Spanish established colonies in Central and South America, the riches of the New World began to pour back to Spain and the rest of Europe by way of the Gulf Stream. This northerly course ran perilously close to the reefs off the Keys. Treasure from sunken Spanish ships is still being discovered today, and remains of four centuries of shipwrecks can be seen on the coral reefs. The reef system running parallel to the islands from Key Largo to Lower Matecumbe was known as Carysford Reef, named for HMS Carysford, which ran aground there October 23, 1770. By 1848 the name of the reef had changed to *Carys- fort,”” and one US navigational chart noted its ‘‘great extent of dangerous shoals and sunken rocks. Beginning in the late eighteenth century, saving ships that went aground or sank and recovering cargo were lucrative businesses. Millions of dollars worth of cargo was shipped along this Gulf Stream route. Companies, merchants and foreign governments as well as ship owners and operators began to demand better charts and navigational aids for the Keys...

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Keith et al 1984 Molasses Reef Wreck Turks Caicos Preliminary Report IJNA 13-1 45-63

...and if its age can be determined we may deduce that the site is somewhat older. Corals also offer a potential for dating the site through radionuclide anal- yses (C'* Ra?2°), techniques which can be integrated with sclerochronology to provide an even better potential for dating the sinking of the ship. Hull remains Complete excavation of the ballast mound during phase two revealed an area of hull remains approximately 7.5 X 1.5m (Fig. 7). No trace of keel, keelson or endposts was found, the preserved hull being only a small part of one side of the ship in the vicinity of the turn of the bilge. Bow and stern could not be differentiated from these remains, so the 19 identifiable frames or frame positions were lettered A—S from south to north. Six runs of planking preserved beneath the frames were 51 o MOLASSES REEF WRECK Preliminary Wood Plan M-13 N-13 P-13 Q-13 S2 = ¢ | 3 ~ ! S S4 Y S5 S5 FrH FrG Fr FrC A Fr FrE FrB I — FrA S6 < \ Ceiling Plank Fragment M=12 N-12 P=12 Q-12 FrS FrP - 1.0 FrD FrR FrQ Fr...

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1988 Historic Resources US Virgin Islands Review Assessment NPS

...a compr-— ehensive land plan for Buck Island Reef National management Monument. Seek funds for a comprehensive underwater archeological survey and assessment, and followup investigations necessary for certain offshore waters. overview recommended Establish a Hassel Island Commission to actions, including seeking of funds, to support the objectives of this proposed program. standards in museum collection management Meet the desired 49, relative to staffing, storage, environmental controls, management documentation. and In addition —— to the above, required action can be classified as planning, research, resource management, interpretation/public education, and new legislation. Planning activities are required within many of the Elements. Most importantly, the Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan serves as a baseline for all necessary action as well as the justification for those actions. The Enhancement of Urban Historic Districts require thoughtful planning to be incorporated within the proposed Virgin Islands Land Use Management Plan. Guidelines for structural care and restoration are essential within several of the historic structural maintenance and rehabilitation and district Elements. And the various land management plans that evolve through the proposed activities, such as the Columbus Historic Landing Site development plan, landscape management plans for Forts historic structures Christiansvern and Christian, assessment, Coral Bay Growth Management Plan...

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Albright 1975 Proton Magnetometer Survey Marine Archaeological Sites Virgin Islands CRI CVI

...method was practical in reef areas where the debris was not completely grown over, the physical problems to the divers such as rapid heat loss and potential decompression complications made this search method useful in only certain circumstances. The third and most practical search method involved the use of the proton magnetometer. The magnetometer head (See Fig. #1) was towed 100 to 200 feet behind the towboat and on the surface when in water up to about 15' depth and under the surface for deeper sites. It was found necessary to improvise y =3 both floats for surface towing and weights for sub-surface towing, since was found by trial and error that in order to achieve a proper balance between sensitivity and background noise the sensor should be kept a reasonably uniform distance from the bottom, usually about 15 feet. Cable length for surface tow was usually 100 feet and up to 200 feet in deep waters. The extreme depth of water surrounding the islands caused considerable problems especially as there were many uncharted coral heads rising out of the bottom in the search area and the attending chance of snagging the head on coral or rock outcroppings soon...

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McCabe 1992 Caribbean Heritage Conservation and Identity

...influenced by Walcott’s work. The images of his poetry are so closely tied to the landscape that I love.” a = A doorway to the past, Brimstone’s restoration reflects renewed pride in West Indian history. ng w 72 ISLANDS 3 » = —— ~ e = =% v oA ¥ 0 @ Nl o & = <3 SN Sy~ &3 s A A il R , X We're walking up a long hill in Do- minica on a languorous Sunday after- noon. Honychurch is showing me some of the sights of Cabrits National Park. He was one of the prime movers behind the park, a 1,313-acre land and marine reserve that includes coral reefs, two sandy beaches, a sunken steamer from the early 20th century, a coastal cave, and the remains of Fort Shirley, which figured prominently in the Battle of Les Saintes. 151 Q0@ AQ UINYIAUOH XOuUT “The 200th anniversary of the bat- tle was in 1982,” Honychurch says. “I thought one of the best ways to ob- serve the bicentennial would be to begin restoration of Fort Shirley.” He stops to see how some masonry repair is progressing, and I check my notes. Lennox Honychurch is a native...

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Towle 1978 Historic Site Preservation Caribbean Status Report IRF

...site preservation for the entire island and for Antigua's depen- dency, the island of Barbuda (where a number of important underwater archaeo- logical sites arelocated). The Society of Friends for the Restoration of Eng- lish Harbour, a quasi-private group, is primarily concerned with restoration of the Dockyard, and through its preserva- tion work there has made an important local and regional contribution. The Antigua Archaeological Society is jus- tifiably proud of the many excellent pre-Columbian sites on the island and has been active in initiating field work and publications of some merit. Preservation activities, nevertheless, are concentrated on a few selected sites. No single organization or agen- cy has assumed island-wide programmatic responsibility for historic preserva- tion, although the new Conservation Commission has just recently moved in that direction Government is also in the process of enacting legislation to protect endangered sites and to estab- isha National--Trust. A program to encourage restoration of sugarmill sites also represents a new and posi- tive direction for the island govern- ment. 36. ISLANDS SURVEYED: BARBADOS Barbados, a rather flat, terraced coral formation, is the only British island in the Caribbean which did not change hands frequently. In-faect...

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NationalRegisterBulletin20 NominatingHistoricVesselsAndShipwrecks USNPS 1987

...frames, reinforcing members, hull planking or plating, fastenings, decking, masts, rigging, deck fur- niture, interior spaces, including joinery, deck machinery, armament, decorations, coating and sheathings, boats, and tackle—all of these need to be described and assessed with comments in each case on original material, deteriora- tion, adherence to original con- figuration, and impacts by previous restoration, repair, or alteration. Alterations need to be dis- cussed and assessed in relation to a historically significant context. If a vessel was built for a specific use— the grain trade, for example—and then altered for another historic purpose—such as fishing—these B N el RE & RON& ST LE N COATESVI <, €3 .6000 5 & FIGURE 13: Builder’s plate in the engine room of the 1908 steam screw tugboat Her- cules. (Photo credit: Stephen A. Haller, NPS) tions of source materials is desirable but not required. To aid in the National Register assessment of significance and in- tegrity, good illustrative views of the vessel, her rig, her charac- teristic and significant design features, and alterations need to be documented with individual photographs. Instead of a site map, as is the case with land-base prop- erties, deck plans, inboard profiles, lines...

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Chapman 1981 SourceBook Buildings Structures VI Inventory

...g g & F 4 MAO 7 T J BAY // J () 4 AL A~ & o s/ y 7 7 " § DuRLOE CAYS » A MAHO BAY 3 \ TURTLE AY B AY ) | OF DENIS TRUNK AHO BAY BAY J) | HAMME R 7 CASEY PT ADRIA = ANEEL BAY SOLOMON BAY RUSTENBERG CANEEL DAY SUSANNA ADVENTURE HOPE /CrUZ BAY QTR - —— BEVERHOUDTSBERG { PASTORY CKR -\ oPrACE GRULWALD [/ se EN CRLZ BAY REEF /BAY ) QTR ALLOWS SO UMND BELLEVJIE MOLLEDAKL FRANK — a BAY SOS PARCEL OF LITTLE REEF GIFT € TURER PT. TAT Fi BAY _ O\ _ A V= r OL v & _ P REEF BPAY GREAT BAY ~ / ) N) COCOLODA | \ WHITE < \ & , ITTLIP PT 5 & PLLSBWUWERY 26 BOUNDARIES & QUARTERLINES MAP OF ST. JOHN, VIRGIN ISLANDS & LEWSTER BAY 74 v 'S CRE . & - —— INADERG LEINSTER T MT. PLEASANT (OROWNS BAY RETREAT ZOOTRUVAL 5 = = g ¢ J Ca / ° s J EMMAUS PALBITINA 1 4 coO | BAY a . 7 RAL BAY QTR FORTSBERG . J \ EAST END CAROLINA T X & g & E ; BEAST END v, > /| & ROUD BAY 5 BORDEAUX ¥ 4 LIT PLANTATION . CORAL BAY 3 BOOM LAME SHUR 1 - COMPLEX / & ST QUACO —— JOMNS FoOLLY CONCORDA . SURE ONCORDIAA) L= % () % % & 2 J & 27 g HyLL PT & ...

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1988 NewYorker ReporterAtLarge TreasureOfTheDeBraak CapeHenlopenSalvageHistory

...the shape of bearded mermen, which he ade, which they pretended was the first had found lying near an encrusted mass to be recovered. Impressed by the DeBraak, Her Appurtenances, Furni- of fused cannonballs, pig-iron ballast, “discovery,” Moyer announced that ture, Cargo, Etc., and on July 26th and coral growth in the stern of the the state would negotiate the terms of a Chief Judge Walter K. Stapleton sunken ship. Things got even more lease with Sub-Sal under which the signed an order designating Sub-Sal complicated when Harrington learned state would receive twenty-five per cent as custodian of the DeBraak and ap- of the net value of whatever treasure that Louis Calcione, George Peloso, pointed Terry Edgecomb—a forty- and Ralph LaPadula, angry because of and artifacts were salvaged from the four-year-old New Hampshire diver what they considered his defection sunken ship. Shortly thereafter, an at- and longtime professional acquaintance from their proposed venture, had torney for Worldwide informed him of Harrington—to actually serve an formed a salvage company called that his client would contest the valid- arrest warrant on the vessel. Edgecomb Worldwide Salvage, and had also ap- ity of any lease...

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SHA Newsletter Vol22 No3 Oct1989

...in architectural conservation, preservation plann- He is the former Chief Historical ing, and technology. Architect of the National Park Service and has had varied experiences in planning and architectural projects and in the development of national and international preservation rograms. His consultancies include work with Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello, the Academical Village of the He also served University of Virginia, and Poplar Forest. as the executive architect for the Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Restoration Project. In addition, Governor Baliles named individuals to serve on the State Board of Historic Resources and the Board of Trustees of the Virginia Historic Preservation foundation were Foundation. Both the Board and the created by the 1989 session of the General Assembly fol- lowing a review of the ongoing need for historic preserva- tion and conservation programs in Virginia. The Board will uide the Department in its work and designate his- toric al ndmarks throughout the Commonwealth. The Foun- dation was established to administer and manage the new Historic Preservation Revolving Fund. Director of Academic Programs: Historic Deerfield, Inc. seeks an accomplished scholar-teacher to develop programs at the college and graduate level to utilize museum and library collections at Historic Deerfield. Ph.D...

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Keith DonaldH 1980s Ships of Discovery Nautical Archaeology Research Strategy

...and computer color-en- hanced sonar; and even psychic remote viewing. We cored coral heads to see whether sclerochronolo- gy could help us to date the re- mains. At home in the lab, we ex- plored electronic, chemical, and microscopic means to study artifact assemblages collected from early sites. Fully aware that the ships and ev- erything contained within them had originated in the Old World, we were delighted when Denise Lakey and Joe Simmons packed off to Spain for a year, hoping that during the course of their own project they also might discover information re- lated to our research. And indeed, while Denise located repositories of historical documentation that could shed light on our wrecks, Joe toured Europe locating collections of early ordnance that could be compared to the artillery we were finding at Ca- ribbean sites. We contacted officials in the Ba- hamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Jamaica, and Spain to negotiate per- mission to survey or to excavate sites in their waters. No less impor- tant were contacts we made with the original discoverers of the High- born Cay, Molasses Reef, and Ba- hid Mujeres Wrecks. Bob Wilke and Clint Hinchman supplied...

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INA Explores Age of Discovery Ships of Discovery Molasses Reef Wreck Research 1980s

...and computer color-enhanced sonar; and even psychic remote viewing. We cored coral heads to see whether sclerochronology could help us to date the remains. At home in the lab, we explored electronic, chemical and microscopic means to study artifact assemblages collected from early sites. Fully aware that the ships and everything contained within them had originated in the Old World, we were delighted when Denise Lakey and Joe Simmons packed off to Spain for a year, hoping that during the course of their own project they also might discover information related to our research. And in- deed, while Denise located repositories of historical documen- tation that could shed light on our wrecks, Joe toured Europe locating collections of early ordnance that could be compared to the artillery we were finding on Caribbean sites. We contacted officials in the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Jamaica, and Spain to negotiate permission to survey or to excavate sites in their waters. No less important were contacts we made with the original discoverers of the Highborn Cay, Molasses Reef, and Bahia Mujeres Wrecks. Bob Wilke and Clint Hinchman supplied us with photographs and much useful information about the...

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first study georgian building caribbean british west indies

...i b ey b i k ] S T L # i il . @ the town-hall, the prison, the castle and the fortifications shared a hree-quarters of a century which followed, albeit there was another similar fate. The mole-head, which cost the island more than erious fire in 1766. Then came the hurricane of 1780: ‘On the morning of Tuesday the 10th October, 1780, slight appre- twenty thousand pounds, was destroyed, and the basin filled up hensions were felt by a few persons in consequence of the unusual with sand, ledges of coral reef and timber. Had it not been for the violence of the wind, accompanied by heavy rains. The preceding partial protection which the pier afforded, the total destruction evening had been hazy and the sun had set with a fiery appearance, e 35 of Bridgetown would have been unavoidable.” but nothing serious was apprehended. The wind, which blew in the And as if one such hurricane was not enough, another of almost equal violence occurred in 1831. morning from the north-east by north, veered gradually to the westward. It increased, and at noon several houses in different The regrettable consequence is that few pre-181 buildings...

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Watters Rouse 1989 Environmental Diversity Maritime Adaptations Caribbean BAR S506

...Wing, Elizabeth S. and Elizabeth J. Reitz 1982 Prehistoric Fishing Communities of the Caribbean. Journal of New World Archaeology 5(2):13-32. 141 Table 1. Area to Shoreline Ratios for Six Caribbean Islands. Shoreline Island e Ar-SorIin (km)P Cuba 114,524 2,790 41.05:1 Jamaica S 10,961 564 19.43:1 Trinidad 390 12.38:1 4,828 St. Lucia 616 103 5.98:1 Barbados 430 88 4.89:1 Montserrat 98 42 2.34:1 Venezuela S 2,000 2 Data from Houghton Mifflin (1979). b Measured from maps and charts of islands (approximate). 142 T L) L 2] vé U ] BARBUDA CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION Figure 1. Distribution of living coral reefs around Barbuda and Montserrat, northern Lesser Antilles. Barbuda, a low-lying limestone island with extensive shallow water shelves, has much greater reef development than Montserrat, a volcanic island with limited shelves. They are located about 100 km apart. [Source: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program 1980a and b]. 143 = - 63°W ANGUILLA 10 KM 18 . Existing islands Land exposed at 20 m isobath + Figure 2. The expanse of presently submerged land around Anguilla and St. Maarten...

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INA Newsletter 1986 Review Maritime Archaeology KC Smith

...investigation of a third. Directed by Research Associate Donald H. Keith, the fieldwork was aided by eight archaeologists and volunteers from outside the Institute. Aboard the Coral Reef I, research ship of the Shedd Aquarium, the crew first visited Highborn Cay in the Bahamas to do limited excavation on a wreck worked by salvors in the late 1960s. Based on types and distribution of ordnance and hardware originally found at the site, the vessel was judged to be contemporaneous with INA’s Molasses Reef Wreck (MRW), dating to the first quarter of the 16th century. Evidence that substantial hull remains, lacking on the MRW, lay buried be- neath the ballast prompted the reexamination of the Highborn Cay Wreck by INA. Excavation of remaining bow and stern components and of a transverse trench across the mound re- vealed a stunningly complete example of early 16th-century shipwrightery, including key architectural features such as the = ] g Equipment that aided field research included the Vira- zon during the Turkish Survey, and a metal detector employed by Stanford Handfield on the Molasses Reef Wreck. Fred Hocker uses an adze for fairing frames on the Glass Wreck section replica. (Photos: Project Staff, KC Smith...

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1994 UN Global Conference SIDS Barbados Declaration Programme of Action

...at the national and regional levels, to assess the overall impact of the economic, social and ecological aspects of tourism, plan sustainable tourism and to develop eco- and cultural tourism. IX. BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES Basis for action 41. Small island developing States are renowned for their species diversity and endemism. However, due to the small size, isolation and fragility of island ecosystems, their biological diversity is among the most threatened in the world. Deforestation, coral reef deterioration, habitat degradation and loss, and the introduction of certain non-indigenous species are the most significant causes of the loss of biodiversity in small island developing States. 42. In the past, there has been a strong emphasis on the collection of more information. In small island developing States where limited and biologically precious resources are being threatened, while the lack of sufficient information is often cited as a rationale for inaction, there is often enough information to identify areas requiring in sifu conservation. Although more information will be required in order to develop appropriate management plans, information collection should no longer be a prior condition for in situ conservation projects. 43. The nature of traditional, often communal land and marine resource ownership in many...

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EnvironmentalPlanningIssues 08 1995 SmallIslandStates SustainableDevelopment Bass DalalClayton

...light of these principles, research is required for improving management techniques and yield regulation guidelines - especially for reef management, offshore fisheries and all multiple use regimes; and designing mitigation strategies for sea level rise and climate change. 4.4 Island institutional strengthening Successful strategies have, themselves, been vehicles for institutional strengthening - broadening the scope of institutions’ understanding of sustainable development, and providing a framework for renegotiating institutions’ mandates, responsibilities, and required resources. We suggest: | ] an emphasis on integrating structures, which may often be informal e.g. cross-sector environmental core groups, inter-agency committees and review groups, round tables and action networks; learning-by-doing projects through the strategy - demonstrations made during strategy processes, aiming for lean, multiple-function and multi-disciplinary agencies; joint management of resources between government and the private sector or communities; strengthening NGOs to act as brokers of partnerships; strengthening community institutions, particularly those involved in resource management; encouraging voluntary actions in the private sector - often a more efficient way of meeting objectives than responding to legislation; involving groups active in cultural conservation and restoration - as the harnessing of creativity and cultural values will be important in locating and embarking upon paths towards sustainability; and ...

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Ratter Possekel Bynoe Resource Management Caribbean EcoEco Scenarios LandUse IRF

...three realms, land, coast and sea, is crucial and integrative part of a resource management concept. In this context passing environmental laws can Ratter not be sufficient. The introduction of concepts to privatise common property and the appli- cation of the polluter pays principle can con- tribute to an ecologically more sound behav- iour on the islands. For example the “adopt a coral reef” idea could be one way of involv- ing money-making hotels in the resource pro- tection strategy. 2. In order to develop a broad base of ac- ceptance and support for a resource manage- ment concept it is necessary to gain active participation of the local population. This can be reached via special participation pro- grammes at an early stage as well as long term education programmes. The introduc- tion of the Rock Iguana (Cyclusa carinata) by the National Trust as an environmental edu- cation symbol might be a first step in that direction. 3. The benefit of a green ethic of consum- erism could be put to use within a resource management strategy. This can be achieved by the introduction of a real concept of ecotourism that targets the respective inter- national market niche. Real...

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IRF SeaLevelRise CoastalSubsidence Haq WorldBank 1994

...have a well-diversified coral fauna of gyer 240 Species, and until the 1970s the reefs were Jjudged to be in good condition, with 5 live cover of between 20-90 percent in various atog (Scheer 1974), Reefs are the most important element of the conomy of the Maldives e reefs provide both protection from the sea and the €cosystems that are n for fisheries, the mainstay of islands’ €conomy. Land hag been reclaimed on severa islands, including Male and Hulule. Most of the reclaimed Jand is, howey- er, less than | meter above sea Jeve], The in- filling of lagoons has reduced the are for dissipation of wave ener- &Y, and inadequate sea defenses around the reclaimed land makes ijt especially vulnerabe to high seastanq (Harangozo 1992), The IPCC estimates that in the 215t century the sea eve] will rise at the rate of 4.5-6.0 millj- eters per year under a usiness-as-usual scenar- io. Whether the Maldive reefs can keep pace with these Projected rates of eustatic rise is not known, because there are 10 recent reports op their status. ower the inhabited islands could be vulnera- ble if the reef has been extensively...

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Reid Trexler 1991 Climate Change US Coastal Biodiversity WRI IRF

...Sea Turtle Caretta caretta Rare Threatened Marsh, Beach Green Sea Turtle Rare Chelonia mydas Endangered Sand Beach American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus Imperiled Endangered Mangrove, bays Leatherback Sea Turtle Dermochelys coriacea Rare Endangered Sand Beach Table 1. Continued TNC Federal Common Name Name Designation® Designation” Habitat | Rare Sand Beach Hawksbill Sea Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Endangered Lower Key Striped Mud Kinosternon baurii Imperiled - Fresh/Brackish marsh Turtle Sand Beach Kemp’s Ridley Sea Lepidochelys kempii Critically Imperiled Endangered Turtle Storeria dekayi Critically Imperiled Woodlands to salt marsh Lower Key Brown Snake® Lower Key Ribbon Thamnophis sauritus Critically Imperiled Forests, swamps Snake® Fish Mangrove gambusia Gambusia rbizophorae Rare Mangrove Florida Keys Sailfin Poecilia latipinna Imperiled Swamps Molly¢ Key Blenny Starksia starcki Critically Imperiled Coral reef Insect Threatened Sand Beach Northeastern Tiger Cicindela dorsalis Imperiled (Var.) Beetle dorsalis The Nature Conservancy classifies a species as ‘‘Rare” (G3) if it is either very rare and local throughout its range, or found lo- cally in a restricted range, or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. A species is designated as “Imperiled” (G2) if there are only 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals, or because of some fac-...

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Crowards 1998 Proposed Sustainable Development Indicators Caribbean CDB Workshop

...8 COASTAL ZONE MARINE WATER QUALITY OTHER COASTAL ZONE FACTORS Florida Coastal Management Program (FCMP) / Florida Center for Public Management (1996) ‘Florida Assessment of Coastal Trends (FACT)’, FCMP internet site Miles of eroding coastline Shellfishing areas by classification Existing wetland habitat and Population growth within 10 miles of the coast Miles of renourished beaches Commerical fishing landings - conservation lands Population growth on barrier islands Volume of ocean dredged material weight and value Changes in mangrove & salt Seasonal residents disposed off coast Recreational fishing value marsh species distribution Navigational shipping accidents Miles of coastal armouring & abundance On-site sewage treatment and disposal systems No. of permits for coastal Coral reef community installed armouring dynamics (number of Tourism (visitors, revenue) No. of permitted artificial reefs species, diversity & Ports (cruiseship passengers, registered vessels, No. of threatened coastal structures evenness) no. of docked commercial ships, economic Beach closings & advisories Seagrass total area impacts) Recreational value (visitors, Groundings on coral reefs & Miles of developed coastal arcas licenses, vessels) seagrass beds Submerged land leases Exotic aquatic plants Area of public lands purchased for preservation Documented marine along the coast ammal strandings Public access points along the coast Selected species population; Beachfront properties under public ownership range...

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1993-09-09 ActionProgramme SustainableDevelopment SIDS G77AOSIS WorkingText

...Deforestation and coral reef deterioration and the introduction of certain non-indigenous species are the most significant causes of loss of biodiversity in SIDS. 41. In the past, has been a strong emphasis on the collection of more information. In SIDS where 1limited and biologically precious resources are being threatened, while lack of sufficient information is often cited as a rationale for inaction, there is often enough information to identify areas requiring in situ conservation. Although more information will be important to develop appropriate management plans, information collection should no longer be a prior condition for in situ conservation projects. 42. The nature of traditional, often communal land and marine resource ownership in many island countries requires community support for the conservation effort. Without this local support and commitment and the opportunity to integrate sustainable income generation into the conservation effort, even the most highly studied and well planned conservation area will not be sustainable. 43. Some of the most precious biological resources for islanders, environmentally, economically and culturally, . are marine and coastal rather than terrestrial. S e ires a servatio focus that takes into account customary land and reef tenure systems a a e W (o] a e that...

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1995 CPACC Brochure2 Caribbean Planning Adaptation Climate Change OAS WorldBank

...both have initiated or proposed environmental projects for GEF funding which may directly complement the goals of the CPACC. National Focal Points are urged to contact the agencies and individuals listed below for current information and further references about activities related to the CPACC and plans for national par- ticipation. 14 Caribbean Conservation Association Barbados Mr. Lloyd Gardner Mr. Lloyd Gardner Interim Executive Director Caribbean Conservation Association Tel: (809) 426-5373 Fax: (809) 429-8483 Email: uwichill/heehong@upr2.clu.net Caribbeaa Development Bank Barbados Mr. Clairvair Squires Chief Project Officer Caribbean Development Bank Tel: (809) 431-1653 Fax: (809) 426-7269 Caribbean Meteorological Institute Barbados Dr. Collin Depradine Principal Climatologist Caribbean Meteorological Institute Tel: (809) 425-1362 Fax: (809) 424-4733 International Coral Reef Initiative Jamaica Dr. Jeremy Woodley Center for Marine Sciences University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica Tel: (809) 927-1609 Fax: (809) 977-1033 E-Mail: woodley@uwimona.edu.jm COSALC Puerto Rico Dr. Gilliam Cambers Scientific Coordinator of COSALC | Tel: (809) 832-3585 Fax: (809) 265-2880 Caribbean Policy Development Centre Barbados Dr. Neville Duncan Senior Lecturer, Social Sciences University of West Indies Representative Caribbean Policy Development Centre Tel: (809) 425-1310 Fax...

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McElroy Potter Towle 1987 Challenges Sustainable Development Small Caribbean Islands IRF Vol5

...As island hillsides and landscapes have become ctched with hotel and condominium clusters and road networks, the physical identity of the islands is gradually being altered (McEachern and Towle, 1974). Large-scale resort complexes built around beach areas degrade water quality, displace traditional livelihoods, spawn traffic congestion on perimeter roads and overload communications and utility systems. Erosion results from inadequate coastal construction setbacks and from inappropri- ate groin structures and removal of natural littoral vegetation for beach ‘enhancement’ (Blommestein, 1985). There are also unending examples of careless amenity consumption: indiscriminate coral harvesting, reef trampling, discarded non-biodegradable refuse along shorelines or lagoons, and so on. Evidence generally suggests that these negative impacts are a function of tourism intensity and urbanization. Such forces have also affected the productivity of Caribbean fisheries. Local and foreign (U.S.) demands have intensified since the mid-1960s, placing strong new pressures on existing fisheries resources. A comprehen- sive survey in 1983 focusing on the status of conch and lobster revealed that stocks were depleted in 14 of the 21 smaller Caribbean islands, and abundant only in the two largest exporters, the Bahamas and the Turks 307 S e T S e . Sustainable development and environmental...

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Action Programme Sustainable Development Small Island Developing States Basic Elements

...and/or strengthen natural capabilities for the and provide trainin sustainable harvesting and processing of fisheries resources g and awareness prog rammes for the managers (government and local communities) of coastal and marine resources. ratify and/or adhere to re gional and international conventions concerning protection of coastal unsustainable fishing and relate and marine resources, combat d practices; Regional Action * develop and/or strengthen the capacity of regional organizations to undertake activiti es in the coastal and marine areas, including to researc commercial fisheries with a v h commercial and non- iew to sustainable harv esting and utilization, reef, estuary and la goon resources surveys, and monitor and promote innovativ territorial waters and EEZs; € ways to sustainably develop develop methodology for Inte grated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) appropriate to SIDS, low elevation and coral islands; particularly very small, develop and/or strengthen re gional clearing-houses for coastal and marine environmental information to facilitate collection, synthesis and sharin the g of relevant information, knowledge and experience among SIDS in a structured and systematic way; develop programmes to enh skills ance the negotiating and related in respect of th e m anagement and exploitation of coastal and marine resource s...

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UN A CONF 167 PC 10 1993 Sustainable Development SIDS Report of SG

...of disasters, including tsunamis; (ddi) Logistic problems, including remoteness related to the provision of rapid disaster relief and reconstruction; Ratio of flat coastal plain to elevated ground; (iv) Locational factors, including: (b) (i) Situation in relation to shipping routes; as (ii) Logistic and other impediments to dealing with emergencies, such 0il and chemical spills; (c) Environmental stress, involving: (1) Rate and extent of loss of species and ecosystem functions, for example, in coral reefs and mangroves; (ii) Potential for rehabilitation/regeneration of degraded areas and systems; Potential for relocation of affected economic activities or (iii) substitution of means of livelihood; (d) Economic factors, including: (1) Extent of import dependence and export instability; (ii) Extent of diversification of economic base; (iii) Ability to save and generate capital investment in relation to requirements for infrastructure development; (iv) Extent of ownership of capital and national control over resources, and negotiating capacity; A/CONF.167/PC/10 English Page 9 (v) Impact of migration in terms of loss of social capital invested in emigrants; (vi) Aid as a proportion of total capital investment. 14 Refinement of the key indicators of vulnerability will make an important contribution to national development planning, contingency planning, human resource...

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Bass 1993 Ecology Economics Small Islands Sustainable Development Framework

...Ecology and economics in small islands ‘frontier’ considerably. For example, the Pacific island tuna resource that now lies within this zone is the largest in the world; and the catch, insignif- icant before 1970, increased to 35% of the world catch in 1984 (Hamnet, 1986). Similar expansions of ‘frontiers’ —and of short-term fortunes - have been experienced in the Falkland Islands. Other attempts to push back the frontiers have been less successful. For example, urban infrastructure in the Maldive Islands has been constructed with coral dredged from the sea. The costs of exploiting this ‘free’ resourc may yet prove to be far higher than those of its extraction. The coral reef is an important buffer for storm waves, of increasing importance in the face of projected sea level rise and greater storm surges, and its removal may already have contributed to increased incidences of inundation (Ince, 1990). In general, therefore, it is not possible for islands to create new resource frontiers. ‘The challenge for islands is to create policy, institutional and technical frameworks for ‘post-frontier’ development: for sustaining the natural resource capital, living off the ‘interest’ produced by this capital, and closing ecological cycles so that wastes become resources...

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Bass 1993 Ecology and Economics in Small Islands Framework for Sustainable Development

...colonial heritage, external economic and social influences are now so high that potentially restorative traditional resource management systems are disappearing. These have been pushed aside by people who are no longer satisfied with ‘subsistence affluence’ but who have higher material aspira- tions; they have been discredited by similarly western-looking authorities; or they are no longer effective with higher population and economic pressures. Societies in most islands have readily accepted what Girvan e e i 170 Ecology and economics in small islands ‘frontier’ considerably. For example, the Pacific island tuna resource that now lies within this zone is the largest in the world; and the catch, insignif- icant before 1970, increased to 35% of the world catch in 1984 (Hamnett, 1986). Similar expansions of ‘frontiers’ - and of short-term fortunes - have been experienced in the Falkland Islands. Other attempts to push back the frontiers have been less successful. For example, urban infrastructure in the Maldive Islands has been constructed on new land made with coral dredged from the sea. The costs of exploiting this‘free’ resource may yet prove to be far higher than those of its extraction. The coral reef is an important buffer for storm waves, of increasing...

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CDB Caribbean Regional Workshop Sustainable Development Indicators Report 1998

... metering; water conservation measures R BEACHES total length of beaches eroding and accreting, by type of location proportion of coastline which is developed & beach encroachment, % area/width b expenditure on beach renewal/replenishment MARINE OR FRESHWATER SPECIES landings or catch (by species) per unit of fishing effort (e.g. boats; trips; people) real prices of local fish or other species alternative aquaculture fisheries production MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (E.G. CORAL REEFS, SEAGRASS BEDS, MANGROVES) extent, annual loss (no. of sites and area); quality variable changes t local species (e.g. reef fish) populations = R area of marine parks as percentage of EEZ APPENDIX 3 ‘Revised Set of Indicators’, p.6 of 12 &l SL WATER QUALITY | measured levels of pollution at monitoring sites; I or signs of pollution, e.g. species mortality, algae or plankton concentrations estimated discharges into coastal waters OTHER COASTAL ZONE FACTORS trend in mean sea level population growth in coastal areas (especially flood-prone areas) shipping niy/r port usage, e.g. volume of goods loaded/unloaded status of ratification/implementation of relevant international conventions R AL S & 5 & | LAND USE AGRICULTURE & LAND MANAGEMENT 4« 4| proportion of land area classified as eroded/denuded...

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Buddemeier 1991 Economic Development Climate Change Tropical Coasts Islands Coral Reefs PSAIB v43n1-2

...who has the gold makes the rules.” Neither developing countries nor scientists are known for their wealth or political power, so the funding agencies (whether national or international) need to accept respon- sibility for the long-term appropriateness of their expenditures. New institutional arrangements are needed to identify and integrate scientific knowledge for application at the local levels of government and development or a continuing basis. Scientific research is rapidly expanding our understanding of March/June 1991 the problems facing the world. As the gap between our actual accomplishments and what we know that we could and should do widens, we must look for better ways to relate science to engineering and economic or sociopolitical processes. References Cited Broecker, W. S. 1987. Unpleasant surprises in the Nature 326:123-126. greenhouse? Buddemeier. R. W.,, and S. V. Smith. 1988. Coral reef growth in an era of rapidly rising sea level: predictions and suggestions for long-term research. Coral Reefs 7:51-56. MacCracken, M. C, A. D. Hecht, M I Bundyko, and Yu. A. Israel (eds.). 1990. Prospects for future climate: a special US/USSR report on climate and climate change. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 59-60. Meehl...

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Buddemeier 1991 Economic Development Climate Change Tropical Coasts Islands Coral Reefs PSAIB v43n1-2

...rewritten as “he who has the gold makes the rules.” Neither developing countries nor scientists are known for their wealth or political power, so the funding agencies (whether national or international) need to accept respon- sibility for the long-term appropriateness of their expenditures. New institutional arrangements are needed to identify and integrate scientific knowledge for application at the local levels of government and development or a continuing basis. Scientific research is rapidly expanding our understanding of March/June 1991 the problems facing the world. As the gap between our actual accomplishments and what we know that we could and should do widens, we must look for better ways to relate science to engineering and economic or sociopolitical processes. References Cited Broecker, W. S. 1987. Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse? Nature 326:123-126. Buddemeier. R. W., and S. V. Smith. 1988. Coral reef growth in an era of rapidly rising sea level: predictions and suggestions for long-term rescarch. Coral Reefs 7:51-56. MacCracken, M. C, A. D. Hecht, M I Bundyko, and Yu. A. Isracl (eds.. 1990. Prospects for future climate: a special US/USSR report on climate and climate change. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, pp...

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