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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...Islands," in S. Seward and B. Spinrad (eds.), Caribbean Tourism: The Economic Impact, Ottawa, Can., International Development Research Centre. McElroy, J., E. Towle and B. von Rabenau, 1988, Planning and Management of Land Resources in Montserrat, St. Thomas, USVI, Island Resources Foundation. Newark, J., 1989, "Economic Development and the Peasant Economy in Jamaica," Dissertation Abstracts International, A (Humanities and Social Sciences), 49(9):2737. = { N Qi P ’ 1) ¢ Cat n 8y The . D lw Sale Vimg ewd The Crredii 2PN _ 1< Co w ( G 2 = = N = ew L, " la , 26 i 27 Persaud, B., 1988, "Agricultural Problems of Small States, With Special Reference to the Commonwealth Caribbean, " Agricultural Administration and Extension, 29(1):35-51. Poole, G., 1985, Forestry and Agro-Forestry Technologies in the Caribbean, Paper commissioned by the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, D.C. (mimeo). Potter, R.B., 1989, Urbanization, Planning and Development in the Caribbean, London, Mansell. Regional Council of Ministers, 1963, West Indies Agricultural Census 1961: the Eastern Caribbean Territories, Bridgetown, Barbados, Development Division. Richards, V.A., 1983, "Decolonization in Antigua: Its Impact on Agriculture and Tourism," in P. Henry and C. Stone (eds.), The Newer Caribbean...

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Thomson 1987 GreenGold BananasDependency EasternCaribbean LAB

...September 1984. Mourillon, V' J F, The Dominica Banana Industry from Inception to Independence, 1928-78. Dominica Banana Growers Association, Roseau, Dominica, 1979. Read, Robert, ‘The Growth and Structure of Multinationals in the Banana Export Trade’, The Growth of International Business. George, Allen and Unwin, London, 1983. Resource Center, Focus on the Eastern Caribbean: Bananas, Bucks and Boots, The Resource Center, Albuquerque, 1984. Rural Transformation Collective, Bananas and Poverty. mimeo Castries, St Lucia, 1978. Thomas, Clive Y, Sugar: An Assessment of the Impact of Technological Development in the High Fructose Corn Syrup and Sucrochemicals. 92 International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 1985. Thomson, R, The Potential and Limits of Agricultural Self-Reliance in Grenada. Unpublished MA thesis, School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa, 1983. UK Price Commission, Prices on Distribution of Bananas. Report no 4, HMSO, London, 1974. West Indies Royal Commission Report (The Moyne Commission). HMSO, London, 1945. Williams, E, From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean 1492- 1969. Andre Deutsch, London, 1970. World Bank, St Lucia: Economic Performance and Prospects. 1985. 93 Whose Gold? Geest and the Banana Trade Half the bananas eaten in Britain are grown on the islands of the Eastern Caribbean and one...

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StVincent Agricultural Development Project PID 1983

...persons. D. Project Outline Given the diversity and complexity of the constrain ts inhibiting the development of Vincentian agriculture and the very real issue of absorptive capacity, the proposed project will limi t the range of its activities to those considered to have the highest income and production and contribute to lon medium-term impact on g-term institutional capability. To respond to the immediate need to intensi fy production and increase farmer income, an integrated production/marketing program in a selected number of commercial food crops will be developed. Institutionally, the principal focus of the project will be to enhance the Ministry of Trade and Agriculture's ability both to discharge its appropriate public sector func tions and to stimulate the private sector in terms of agricultural produc tion and marketing. 1. Inged Production and Marketing Program available to Vincen To husband both the limited financial and human capital tian agriculture, the proposed project will focus initially on three to four cr ops that are produced mainly by small-holders and for which improved production technology and a marketing potential exist. Based on the agricultural sector assessment, the best candidates are carrots potatoes and peanuts. This choice will be...

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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...economic costs, opportunities, infrastracture and market capacity. Expanded aquaculture activities will involve the use of lands which in some cases are ecologically significant (such as coastal swamps and mangroves that are of little value for agriculture) but which could be used for fish rearing with little damage to their recreational value or appearance. However, before such areas can be utilized, critical research must be under- taken to determine the ecological impacts upon such areas before they can be turned into aquafarms. The availability of water will become a limiting factor for aquaculture development in many countries, and the costs of pre- or post- treatment will doubtless become prohibitive. Several systems of water reconditioning or re-use (reclamation) which has become fairly common- place in some so-called developed countries will have to become of primary concern in many lesser developed countries. The importance of a well designed aquaculture program cannot by over-emphasized as a preliminary effort for a country contemplating the use of this system to increase its food pro- duction. Aquaculture planning is a relatively recent activity in those countries undertaking to initiate such an enterprise. This seminar is but the first step in that process. The examination...

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1989 Courier115 StVincentGrenadines Bananas Economy DevelopmentAid

...threat. The European Com- munity is set on achieving a single internal market by the year 1992, and the present machinery for the import- ing of bananas, involving divergent national legislation and excluding the free circulation of bananas within the (1) *“In respect of its banana exports to the Community markets, no ACP state shall be placed, as regards access to its traditional mar- kel vo! dvantages on those markets, in a le: le position than in the past or at present ™ The Couurier 40 the trees are everywhere, and gradient is no deterrent. They are an ideal crop for the Caribbean, where the possibil- ity of hurricane damage is a strong disincentive to the growing of crops which require longer to mature. Banana trees ““throw” a bunch within nine months of planting, some- times less, and yields remain good for anything up to 15 years. (More than one bunch on a tree at any one time is rare, and three bunches simulta- neously are likely to make headline news). But they are also ideal in that they are not a seasonal crop. Harvest- ing takes place throughout the year and provides a regular income, week in, week out...

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198X African Locusts Caribbean Threat and Agricultural Impacts DailyNews

...its regional role in en- Fruit quality problems have been sistance from British sources. suring that the disease is not introduced tackled relentlessly since the early 1960s. into other islands. nded by the various The impact of these negotiations may They are compoul be gleaned from WINBAN’s share of the For 28 years out of its 33-year history, biological influence: s which naturally af- British banana market. This stood at the banana industry of the Windward fect the fruit’s appearance and by man- 55% in 1969 but fell as low as 22% in Islands has benefitted from the central induced skin defects sustained as a result 1980 following a decade of catastrophes direction and coordination of WINBAN. of excessive handling. The problems are which included drought and two devas- This has been attested by the Heads of further complicated by the large number and 1980. In Governments, and regional institutions. tating hurricanes in 1979 of very small growers who must be at- 1985, the Windwards sup plied 50% of More will be demanded of WINBAN in tended to in the industry. the market. The forecast for 1986 is the future as competition increases in the market place...

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1986 StVincent OAS OrangeHillEstate FarmingDevelopmentPlan IanPJohn

...The information con- t — R contained in the paper was from reports of Shawinigan and McClellan Underwood. n . - | [ o | ] Y 3 —— p — Morris examined a well dug over 80 years ago, less than 100 ft from the sea. According to reports there was no salt water in the well except when there was a hurricane. He states that according to resistivity tests carried out by Lekkerkerker in 1985 that Overland may be promising as a source of ground water. Between Georgetown and the northern end of the island, ground water flows through thick volcanic deposits can be made use of if exploited through a series of wells bored in the areas, provided that wells are not bored too deep or too near to the ocean. 2.1.6 Proposed Project and Potential Impact Dr Morris recommends the following i. A tore farm ii A commercial farm iii Small farms iv. Development He however recommended that only at the Waterloo area should small farms, demonstration plots and experimental plantings, be done under irrigation conditions so as to expose small farmers ‘to irrigation practices, Morris refers to the fact that the soils outside of the areas that he has recommended...

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Barker 1981 StVincent Agricultural Profile CARDI-USAID

...Weir cites a farmer survey as having identi fied drought as the most important crop loss. Crops which require reason for shelter from the North-east trades in- clude cotton, cocoa and bananas whereas coconuts, arrowroot and sugar-cane are orn of windy sites. h heavy rain- fall and dangers of soil erosion render the mountainous central zone suited to permanent tree crops and grasses (in- cluding sugarcane). Av 800 metres the Rain Forest gives way to Palm Brake. . 6.2 Hurricanes, Although sn within h r belt between May and December it seldom suffers hurricane damage but in 1898 the cocoa was devastated and n 1980 Hurricane Allen destroyed a cn number of buildings, crops and stock. — ST VINCENT EFFECTIVE INFLL VEGETATION RELIEF (Mohr) | (after Beord)®? W A econdary Creter Lai 7 = - = = I b vl 1 I j )/ e LIMATIC CLIMAX oo Y = TINUOUSLY MOIST sasonal Fore rgreen 8 S ergrees 95 %, o Under 600m % o roe ISTURBANCE CLIMAX FIG. 2a 2b 2c R — | i P — . 7.0 e, Table 1. Land Distribution (by slope) Total o 0=5 " " 23,200 hre 1,200 " 5-10 n 4,800 n 20-30 30...

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1996-09 MonthlyBulletin Bermuda PlantProtectionLab Refurbishment CoralReefs WeatherSummary

...such as coralline algae, sea mosses and worm snails fill in the gaps and cement everything together. Whatever surface is not already taken up by a living builder is immediately occupied by algae, sponges and soft corals — which in turn attract browsers, grazers and predators like crabs, snails, sea urchins and fish. Yet at the same time, the reef’s very foundations are already being undermined by burrowing sponges, clams and barnacles, and after a hurricane huge chunks of honeycombed rock may be seen scattered about, leaving the reef scar-faced but with opportunities for a new generation of settlers. Wolfgang E. Sterrer Curator, Natural History Museum [Reprinted in part from North Rock Magazine, Summer 1996, pg. 23. BAMZ] 87 WEATHER Summary of climatological data obtained from the Bermuda Weather Service at the Bermuda International Airport during September, 1996: Mean maximum temperature - 27.9°C or 82.3°F Mean minimum temperature - 24.5°C or 76.0°F Mean monthly temperature - 26.2°C or 79.1°F Absolute maximum - 29.7°C or 85.5°F on 4th Absolute minimum - 20.9°C or 69.6°F on 20th Maximum relative humidity - 84% Minimum relative humidity - 67% Mean relative humidity - 76% Rainfall - 6.25 ecm. or 2.46...

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Powell 1977 Voyage HMS Providence Breadfruit Introduction West Indies

... when the fourth storm happened, and the Lieutenant Governor immediately shut the ports against the exportation of any of our provisions to the French and Spanish Islands, which were supposed to have suffered more than ourselves; but not thinking himself at liberty to permit the importation of provisions in American vessels, the productions of the coun- try were soon exhausted, and the usual attendants of scanty and unwholesome diet, dropsies and epidemic dysenteries, were again dreadfully prevalent in the ECONO3IIC BOTANY y spring and summer of 1786, all parts of the country. and proved fatal to great numbers of the negroes in On the 20th of October in that year, happened the On the 20th of which a October in that year, happened the fift) h dreadful hurricane, decline gain laid waste the leeward p. arishes, to enlarge on the consequenc es which and completed the tragedy. We exaggerate; but havin, g endeavoured to compul followed, lest we may appear to subject will admit, the number of our slaves te, with as much accuracy as the attributed to these whose destruction may be fairly dicting foreign sup plies, repeated calamities, and ¢ he unfortunate measure of inter- and for this...

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1996-03-29 DailyNews StCroix Senepol Cowboys AnnalyFarms RobinSterns

v INSIDE Forget hurricanes; what Island Life FRIDAY, MARCH 29, 1996 ¥ PAGE 17 about those quakes? page 18 Crucian Cb 5 ) % " < S e S A l = e e g ot e = p . 0. V. 10 & s v e S %3 3k s i« o g 14 \% o 37 \ > v X -\ ‘X Y i 1Y N & ! b ~ A l y ¥ 7 o 32 l t 2 2 t eA L £ e 3 & ~ @ = & # 9 2 R P b3 y 2% 3 5 3 % , S 4 347 £3 2.7 30 i % f A & & ) Daily News Photo by I CLARK Crucian cowboys Ricardo ‘Kunta’ Ponce, left, and Tony Joe Bermudez herd Senepol and calves through the pasture on St. Croix's An naly Farms. cows Senepol guardians at home on the range By ROBIN STERNS Special to The Daily News Just let me live my life as I've begun! And give me work that's open to the sky; Make me a partner of the wind and sun. And I won't ask a life that's soft and high. — “Cowboy's Prayer” by Badger Clark any of us grew up with...

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Chakalall 1987 Aquaculture Development in CARICOM CARICOM Fisheries Officers Meeting StVincent

...shortage of experienced manpower, freshwater and land suitable for pond construction, and lack of infarmation on availability of local ingredients for fish feed and on adaptive research on suitable species make it very unlikely that culture of freshwater fish will contribute significantly to the supply of fish in the Lesser Antilles or meet other development objectives. Cultures that make more intensive use of land and water, such as Tilapia culture in tanks or Tilapia or Carp culture in association with pig or poultry farming may be ecoromically attractive and feasible. Although mariculture may be more important to the Lesser Antilles, few serious attempts have been made to adapt existing aquaculture technology to the Islands in spite of the abundance of both water and sunshine. The absence of protection from storms (hurricanes), low tidal range, rapid evaporation, in combination with the low nutrient content relative to productive fishing grounds, limit the type of culture systems that can be ° used. They should be such that the cultured species is relatively unaffected by storms or the installations so cheap (relative to earnings) that they can be easily replaced or repaired. Intensive mariculture systems can be constructed so far away from the sea...

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FAO RLAC93 28 PES24 Species Cultured Insular Caribbean Belize FrenchGuiana Guyana Suriname 1993 Chakalall

...of freshwater and land suitable for pond construction, and paucity of information on availability of local ingredients for fish feed and adaptive research on suitable species make it very unlikely that culture of freshwater fish will contribute significantly to the supply of fish in the small islands or meet other development objectives in the near future. Cultures that make more intensive use of land and water, such as Tilapia culture in tanks or Tilapia or Carp culture in association with pig or poultry farming may be economically attractive and feasible, but needs further research. Although mariculture may be more important to the Lesser Antilles, few serious attempts have been made to adapt existing aquaculture technology to the Islands in spite of the abundance of both water and sunshine. The absence of protection from storms (hurricanes), low tidal range, rapid evaporation, in combination with the low sea nutrient content relative to productive fishing grounds, limit the type of culture systems that can be used. Culture systems should be such that the cultured species is relatively unaffected i 8 by storms or the installations so cheap (relative to earnings) that they can be easily replaced or repaired. — Intensive culture systems generally require...

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1987 IRF StVincent RabaccaFarms CoreFarm Subdivision LandUsePlan IanPJohn

...80 a total of 25 acres. The demand for this fruit has now grown beyond the production level existing in St. Vincent. The Diamond Dairy Limited is already importing large quantities of pulp from Grenada. Adonl acreages of passion fruit may be sited on any other section of the Core Farm as desired by management. 12 = B B B B 5.0.9 Coconuts Coconuts have been grown on the Estate for over 70 years and have helped to stabilise the soil even after the ravages of hurricanes, storms floods and volcanic activity. This crop ensures an all year round soil coverage and millions of roots bind the soil. = S It is proposed that 500 acres of coconuts will be left in the Core Farm and no removal of trees would be permitted except for the construction of roads or where the management finds it necessary to permit the removal of trees for vegetable and tobacco production. The coconuts indicated on the proposed land use plan are old trees, and will be replaced by improved varieties from time to time. The inter-cro-ping with suitable crops nll standing fields is recommended. In areas such as the tobacco...

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1990 NationalTrust ImpactHurricaneHugo HistoricPlaces NC SC PR USVI

e [ I The Impact of Hurricane Hugo on Historic Places An Assessment of Damages in North Carolina, South Carolina, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands prepared by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States with funding provided by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Members of the National Trust for Historic Preservation April 6, 1990 The National Trust for Historic Preservation is the only national private, nonprofit organization chartered by Congress with the responsibility for encouraging public participation in the preservation of sites, buildings, and objects significant in American history and culture. Support for the National Trust is provided by membership dues, endowment funds and contributions, and by matching grants from federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. INTRODUCTION ... e e e e 1 THESTEIDT . o o e i s k4 e i 1 2 g e s g 45 €0 0 1 BDESCRIPTION:OF THE HURRICANE. & s smsns m fmssms s wse: g sus ga s a5 3 THE HISTORIC RESOURCES IN AREAS AFFECTED BY HURRICANE HUGO . # spa s 0re5m S0 05 5 05 55 555...

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IRF 1984 CrownBay StThomas MarineArchaeologicalSurvey FinalReport

...Sandy Point beacon, along the northerly shore- line of Water Island, facing West and East Gregerie Channels, and, to a lesser degree, along the foot of Haypiece Hill, adjacent to anomaly 127. 2.5 Archaeological Antecedants Prior to 1981, only one underwater archaeological project had been conducted in the immediate Crown Bay area. o o 13 Albright (1975) reports the results of a shipwreck survey. He encountered difficult magnetometer survey conditions due to the geological conditions and the type of magneto- meter available at the time. Some years later, as a segment of its environmental impact assessment strategy regarding its proposed Crown Bay Development Project, the Virgin Islands Port Authority contracted with Tetra Tech in 1981 for a preliminary survey of Crown Bay to identify possible cultural resources in the area which might be affected by the project and as- sociated engineering and construction work. The Tetra Tech study was to include map studies, his- toric research, interviews with local divers and historians, marine geophysical remote sensing (i.e., magnetometer and side scan sonar surveys), and a limited amount of verifi- cation diving. It was assumed that historic shipwrecks or other kinds of underwater cultural resources, if identified, would need...

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GKN2NEVIS NHCS Newsletter Historical Conservation Nevis 1989

...be an historic Coast Conservation and Beach Protection The new act states that all rights in and over the beach are s in the Crown and the public shall have the right of access and the right to use or enjoy the beach for recreational activities. This section of the Act introduces the new concept of coast conserva: '~ ; establishesa Coastal Zone for purposes of better managemen ui 1€ stal resources by way of Regulations. The Minister in consultation - . Conservation Commission shal be responsible for the prepriion and implemeniation of a coastal zone managemet plan to regulate developmental activities in a coastal zone and to make necessary Regulations. In addition these responsibilities include coast conservation programs, research, and for undertaking environmental impact assessment of any development mining, and polluting of the beach and the coastal zose. The Minister has the authority under the Actto declare certain areas of the coastal zone to protected. Forestry, Soil and Water Conservation The new Act states that the Minister in consuitz:ion ith the Conservation Commission shall establish forest management plz. =4 make Regulations for; the establishment of forest reserves; the conse: ation of threatened species; the promotion of reforestation an d research and...

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Pulsipher 1989 Montserrat Hurricane Hugo Impact and Response Study

...cultural and biological exchanges between the 0ld World and the New that have ensued since Columbus' voyages of exploration. After years of experience doing research in Montserrat I know all the government of icials, have access to information, and understand well all the ramifications of living and working in this Society. I spent last summer (1989) in Montserrat and returned just after Hugo to assess damage to my research site and to prepare for the proposed study . . oy collecting information on poth tne exten e M 4 ne Jamage to tne pnysical environment and to ne island's public infrastructure an private property. I was also le to document some cof tne snort-term impacts and external hurricane aid and to collect information on how Montserrat folk S culture is providing a m for the release of tension and anxiety. I was able to collect the post-storm baseline data already amassed by efficient colonial and local government officials; and I enlisted the support of well-informed iontserratians from all levels of society=--in business, education, commu.ication, agriculture and government--to assist .e and other colleagues from outside the island in the design and execution of the proposed study...

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Wilson 1989 Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Nevis West Indies

...recycling the shifting sands. With the decreasing economic viability of sugar cultivation, some of the lagoons have been drained or filled for cocoanut cultivation, reducing the leeward coast’s ability to absorb the impact of hurri- canes (Burtzer 1976: 222-242). The upper portion of Nevis Peak receives more than 2500 mm of rain a vear (“Nevis” is anglicized from Co- lumbus’ name for the island, Nuestra Sesiora de las Nieves, based on the nearly-constant veil of snow-like clouds on its summit).! The windward coast now receives less than 1000 mm of rainfall annually (ECNAMP 1980: map 2). On average, rainfall is lowest in February, March, and April, but periods of drought or heavy rain can occur at any time of vear. Temperatures are relatively constant year-round. Au- gust, September, and October (hurricane season) have the highest average temperature of 29° C (84.2° F), and Jan- uary has the lowest at 27° C (80.6° F) (Blume 1974: 21). L. There is some question as to which of the Leeward Islands Colum- bus named for its crown of clouds but it was upon Nevis that the name finally stuck. Figure 1. Map of the islands of...

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Document 64913530

...building new houses on plots adjacent to existing structures, which are then permitted to decay, if they are not immediately demolished. We estimate that at the present rate of economic expansion there will be few traditional buildings left in ten years' time, and those which are left will in general have suffered such alterations as the substitution of aluminium louvres for the traditional windows. It is vital, if the island's heritage is not to be lost, for a thorough and systematic survey of these buildings to be carried out, by photography in most cases and by measured drawings for the most outstanding examples. In this way, even if buildings are destroyed by developers, fire or the traditional hurricanes, adequate records will exist which permit reconstruction. Perhaps buildings in Government ownership, like the Court House and Police Headquarters, both of which are in some future jeopardy, could be secured by finding a new use for them; the Court House, for instance, might well become a museum. At the other end of the scale emll structures of no great aesthetic value, which never- hles might be retained as a reminder of the Caymans' economic progress; one of these is "Mac's...

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Document d3320b3d

...in addressing some of the commonalities St. Kitts, along with experiences and further withih the Caribbean. For example, they threats of insensitive development specula- respond to the particular concerns of tion, determining an appropriate posture for 1 shared experiences with natural disasters — design guidelines and legislation for historic earthquakes and hurricanes. They represent Basseterre is challenging. Basseterre is H - a salient step forward for setting indeed beautiful and is an urban center that 20 Conclusions Historic preservation in the Eastern Caribbean is on the edge of change. Preservation issues and activities, once almost solely defined and implemented by select ex-patriots, used to reflect only the V Brimstone Hill Fortress is often referred to historic significance of colonialism- the as the “Gibraltar of the Caribbean”. This forts, plantations and churches. restored complex is a national park and is Independence and the environmental St. Kitts most comprehensive preservation awareness movement are having a project to date. significant impact on views and images of cultural legacy. Appreciation for diversity is now bringing together laypersons, N - E community leaders, government, and business persons for collaborative revenue- producing preservation strategies that link appropriate tourism and indigenous A ) development. Organizations that oversee local heritage recognize...

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VIBIB Bibliographic Holdings VINP USVI Danish West Indies Prelim List 1985

...collection of which was prompted by the proposal to restore the old Dynamics in Five Reef Environments.” In Annaberg windmill on SJ. Environmental Studies of Buck Island Reef National NPJ Monument 111, St. Croix, U.S.V., edited by E.H. Gladfelter and W.B. Gladfelter. SX: Fairleigh Dickin- Gladfelter, Elizabeth H. “Aspects of Population Dyna- son Univ., WIL, 1980. p. VI 1-21. Figs., tbs. mics and Ecological Impact of the Sea Urchin Survey of § study sites representing a spectrum of habitat types for Diadema antillarum.” Environmental Studies of use as baseline information against which to refer future changes in Buck Island Reef National Monument 111, St. Croix, fish community structure, as well as to provide a guide for the U.S.V.1., edited by E.H. Gladfelter and W.B. Glad- assessment of the relative value of different types of habitat as a fish resource. felter. SX: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ., WIL, 1980. p. V 1-14. Fig.. tbs. NPT Attempt to determine the population structure of the species at 3 different ecological 7ones at Buck Island. SX Gladwin, Ellis. Living in the Changing Caribbean. NY | NPT Ldn.: Macmillan Co. and Collier Macmillan, 1970. 299 p. Gladfelter...

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Wilson 1989 Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Nevis West Indies

...reccling the shifting sands. With the decreasing economic viability of sugar cultivation, some of the lagoons have been drained or filled for cocoanut cultivation, reducing the leeward coast’s ability to absorb the impact of hurri- canes (Butzer 1976: 222-242). The upper portion of Nevis Peak receives more than 2500 mm of rain a vear (“Nevis” is anglicized from Co- lumbus’ name for the island, Nuestra Seiora de las Nieves, based on the nearly-constant veil of snow-like clouds on its summit).! The windward coast now receives less than 1000 mm of rainfall annually (ECNAMP 1980: map 2). On average, rainfall is lowest in February, March, and April, bu periods of drought or heavv rain can occur at any time of vear. Temperatures are relatively constant vear-round. Au- gust, September, and October (hurricane season) have the ~ highest average temperature of 29° C (84.2° F), and Jan- uary has the lowest at 27° C (80.6° F) (Blume 1974: 21). 1. There is some question as to which of the Leeward Islands Colum- bus named for its crown of clouds but it was upon Nevis that the name finally stuck. Figure 1. Map of the islands...

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Caribbean Perspectives 1996 Multidisciplinary Challenges and Approaches

...increasing expectations, democratic traditions, and a changing world economy is to sustain development without damaging environ- ments. A research design to test the potential of ecotourism to meet this challenge forms the basis of the discussion which fol- lows. AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 22 "THE LACK OF AN AGREED-UPON OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF ECOTOURISM PRECLUDES THE COLLECTION OF RELIABLE DATA." The lack of an agreed-upon operational definition of ecotourism precludes the collection of reliable data. The World Wildlife Fund defines ecotourism as “traveling to relatively undis- turbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objec- tive of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifesta- tions (both past and present) found in these areas.”” This defini- tion needs to be revised in order to render it operational for the purpose of collecting data and evaluating ecotourism impacts. Elements of ecotourism evaluation include an assessment of visitor motives, the nature of destinations, and activities at des- tinations. The problem: is that visitor motives, destinations and activities are often multiple and mixed; for example, business trav- elers who hike on weekends, wildlife safari tourists to Kenya who also spend time in...

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SHA Newsletter Vol21 No4 Dec1988

...the political agenda, we have been fortunate that urban archaeology has gorwn. If it continues to do so, it will be because archaeology is popular and because archaeologists take the time to cultivate the public, the media, and elected officials. It will also depend upon making honest assessments and tough decisions about significance because, as much as we would like to, we realize that we can't dig everywhere and that we can't expect developers to do so either. It is perhaps on this subject that we need most to communicate with one another. And it is on this subject that we will need to maintain our closest ties to and solicit support from our acadmeic col- leagues and their students. References Communications Canada 1988 Federal Archaeological Heritage Protection and Management: A Discussion Paper. Com- munications Canada, Ottawa. Moss, William 1988 L'Impact du Dévelopment Urbain Sur Les Ressources Archéplogiques: Le Cas de Québec. Paper before L'Association des Archéologues du Québec, Colloque Annuel, Montreal. Spurling, Brian 1988 Archaeology and the Policy Sciences. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12:65-85. Archaeological Congres: Please mark your calendars to attend the Archaeological Congress and SHA annual meeting in Baltimore, January 5...

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Towle Tyson 1979 Planning Strategy Historical Cultural Resources Lesser Antilles IRF

...undefined and underutilized. Collectively, they constitute an asset, an inheritance of not inconsiderable value to the region and to each developing island nation. Each element of the cultural resource base (historical, archival, arti- factural, architectural, archeological, oral, and artistic) has enormous potential for serving the eco-development pro- cess and strengthening national strategies of self-deter- mination, while simultaneously reversing divisive tenden- cies and promoting regional and even hemispheric solidarity. These cultural resources, except in isolated instances, lie fallow and at risk in the absence of a strategic assessment and plan for their proper incorporation into the eco-develop- ment process. A framework for such a strategic planning ef- fort, regionally structured but responsive to specific small- island needs, is presented as a working document for discus- sion by all interested parties and especially those institu- tions and agencies, such as CARICOM, OAS, UNESCO, BDD and CCA, presently engaged in providing assistance regarding his- torical and cultural resources. The development of a truly integrative, regional strategy -- sufficiently flexible to incorporate existing agency pro- grams, local needs, and the priorities of each -- into a larger, more creative format offers extraordinary promise in accelerating the eco-development process. This strategy is more...

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UNESCO Courier 1981-12 Caribbean Encounter and Cultural Fusion

...o , Yo w 74 a5 52 2 e &5 = s = Paris g Cruel facts contradict any attempt to portray the Antilles as an idyllic paradise, for the history of the Caribbean has been punctuated by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and cyclones. One of the world’s most terrible natural disasters occurred at two minutes past eight on the morning of 8 May 1902, when Martinique’s highest volcanic mountain, Mont Pelée, suddenly erupted. In less than a minute the town of Saint-Pierre and all its population (some 28,000) had perished in the holocaust (left). Cyclones, which in Caribbean mythology are hurricanes fed by the wrath of Hu-Ra-Khan the wind- god, have also brought great suffering to the peoples of the Antilles. Thirteen of them were recorded in the 17th century, 33 in the 18th, 28 in the 19th, and in this century their number is higher still. The havoc wreaked by some particularly devastating cyclone has left a gaping wound in the collective memory of every Caribbean island. | and the monarchy. It speaks of freedom of the will and of man’s individual freedom, but it does not speak of political independence. By contrast...

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McElroy deAlbuquerque Impact Migration Mortality Fertility StKittsNevis USVirginIslands CaribbeanGeography1988

...1980, Washingn DC. US. House of Representatives, Nonimmigrant Alien Labor Problem on the Virgin Islands of the United States. Special Study of the Sub- connitiee on lmmigration, Citizenship and International Law, 94th Congress, Washington DC., 1975. = o ( Key words to articles in this issue for information retrieval systems of Conceptualizing contemporary patterns of Caribbean international mobility (Conway) INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION CARIBBEAN — Impact of Hurricane Allen on St Lucia Banana Industry (Williams) DISASTER PLANNING HURRICANES BANANAS ST LUCIA The impact of migration on mortality and fertility in St Kitts- Nevis and the U.S. Virgin Islands (McElroy and de Albuquerque) MIGRATION DEMOGRAPHY ST KITTS/NEVIS us v Milk distribution by pushcart vendors in Kingston, Jamaica (Bierling and Vos) INFORMAL SECTOR MILK JAMAICA Notes for Contributors The editors will consider for publication, contributions of both major articles and shorter items on areas of Caribbean Geography that will be of scholarly interest to Geographers and individuals in other related fields. Major articles (not exceeding 4000 words with a summary not exceeding 50 words), short articles and reports (not exceeding 1500 words), reviews {not exceeding 1000 words), news items (not exceeding 500 words) should be typed, doubled spaced with a generous margin on each...

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Richardson 1989 Catastrophes Change StVincent NatGeoRes

...the 19th century, St. Vincent and the other British Caribbean colonies suffered the effects of severe economic N depression caused by low sugar prices. The resulting socioeconomic malaise on St. Vincent was intensified by the local land-tenure system; white planters monopolized the cultivable lowlands surrounding the F island’s volcanic core and thereby denied access to these lands by the is- land’s black working class. During the depression, the British Colonial Office and their local representatives devised a plan to purchase selected St. Vincent estate lands in order to parcel them out and resell them to black smallholders. The eventual success of this land-settlement scheme was aided greatly by two environmental disasters, a hurricane n. in September 1898, followed by a volcanic eruption in May 1902. The two calamities drove many planters away and reduced enthusiasm for a recapitalized modernization of the island’s sugarcane industry. Di- saster-enhanced decisions to abandon large-scale sugarcane produc- a tion on St. Vincent minimized local opposition to the settlement scheme. 3 o After the two disasters, a post-depression class of smallholders emerged, a movement that has become increasingly important during the 20th century. In the late 1980s, St...

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Richardson 1989 Catastrophes Change StVincent NatGeoRes

...two decades of the 19th century, St. Vincent and the other British Caribbean colonies suffered the effects of severe economic depression caused by low sugar prices. The resulting socioeconomic malaise on St. Vincent was intensified by the local land-tenure system; white planters monopolized the cultivable lowlands surrounding the island’s volcanic core and thereby denied access to these lands by the is- land’s black working class. During the depression, the British Colon ial Office and their local representatives devised a plan to purchase selected St. Vincent estate lands in order to parcel them out and resell them to black smallholders. The eventual success of this land-settlement scheme was aided greatly by two environmental disasters, a hurricane in September 1898, followed by a volcanic eruption in May 1902. The two calamities drove many planters away and reduced enthusiasm for a recapitalized modernization of the island’s sugarcane industry. Di- saster-enhanced decisions to abandon large-scale sugarcane produc- tion on St. Vincent minimized local opposition to the settlement scheme. After the two disasters, a post-depression class of smallholders emerged, a mov ement that has become increasingly important during the 20th century. In the late 1980s, St. Vincent...

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HMS Cornwall St Lucia Shipwreck Correspondence and Notes 1974-1987

...and I have desired Cap- tain Wilkinson will superintend. Ref: Lieut. Forrest — PAINTING OF CARENAGE - 1781 . L. Clowes - THE ROYAL NAVY - 1898 N.Y. Hist. Soc. - LETTER BOOK AND ORDERBOOK OF RODNEY - 1921 Map of Carenage, St. Lucia - 1784 comments 10/12/78] [E.T. Stores but not personnel effects on lower decks would have been salvaged and lower holds, etc., would have been underwater and Most of the cov-— dark so some gear was undoubtedly left behind. ering sediments could be removed by air lift and screened. Per- haps a section of the framing timbers, keel, ceiling and planking and sheathing has survived in the anoxic muddy sediments so a po-— tential museum exhibit may be salvageable. Upper decks obviously Need to check 1781 painting. ere destroyed. N.B. Bad hurricane 10 October, 1780, drove H.M.S. VENGENCE Unknown effect on CORNWALL aground, dismasted (later refloated). hulk? Water in area very murky and wreck may account for "shoal" adjacent to yacht harbor opposite restaurant omn point. [Check also H.M.S. BEAVER'S PRIZE the location of which is alledgedly known locally due to fishermen's reports of anchor and net snag- etc., at Vieux Fort areal. ging,

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Chronological History West Indies 1742-1788 Colonial Events Slavery Military Engagements Legislation Social Change

...the French to their colonies employed 600 sail of the same offence, and have ordered others to be transported, and merchant ships. the said slaves have been executed and transported accordingly; The number o f inhabitants upon the Bahamas were said to be it is_hereby enacted and declared, that the said trials, sentences, executions, and proceedings were and are just and legal.” this year 2000. These legislators also, in the same act, imposed capital punish- On the 20th of October, at Jamaica, a dreadful hurricane ments retrospectively for acts already committed: — « Every began at six P.M. and asted until six in the morning : the wind was all that time due souf th. Mosquito Fort was demolished— Negro or other slave or slaves, who have before the making of eight of his Majes y’s ships and vessels, and ninety-six merchant this act been engaged in any rebellious conspiracy, or have vessels, were stranded, wrecked, and foundered. Out of 105 compassed and magined the death of any white person or per- vessels, only his Majesty” s ship Rippon rode out the gale, and she ; sons in this island.” without masts. His ajesty’s sh s Prince of Orange...

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Whitson The Outlook of the Continental American Colonies on the British West Indies 1760-1775 Political Science Quarterly Vol XLV 1930

...Aug. 26, 1765; Feb. 2, 1767. colonies, e. g. T Boston Gazette, 1760, July 28, Aug. 11, . ——r oy s v . s v t] THE AMERICAN COLONIES AND THE WEST INDIES 67 t;¢46* and the hurricane in St. Kitts in 17722 were varied by rter items, such as a breach of promise case in Jamaica in ich the damages were assessed at the enormous sum of £3,400. As a result of the close relations, commercial and other, be- tween the West Indies and the mainland, it was natural that the continental colonists should have some clear-cut ideas about their fellow subjects on the Caribbean. Tt seemed that there ought to be no cause for friction between them. The one pro- duced what the other needed ; the one was in fact, the economic complement of the other. But unfortunately for imperial harmony, quite early in their history the British West Indies proved unable either to supply the needs of the ever-expanding market for molasses and rum in North America, or to buy from the northern colonists their increasingly large surplus of pro- visions. As early as 1681, the French settlers in Guadeloupe and Martinique sought Colbert’s...

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Tyson 1983 Register of Virgin Islands Shipwrecks 1523-1917

...outputs, as they stood athwart the se a lanes linking St. Thomas and St. Croix with Europe and North America, most of th e ships trading rs and they with the archipelago passed through their waters, = engaged in a consi derable inter-island commerce with St. Thomas. hteenth century British merchant convoys and n aval During the eig Tortola before sailing back to fleets frequently rendezvoused at Great Britain. And during the inc essant wars of the period, the notorious Tortola privateers swarme d about the Islands plundering and wrecking merchant shipping. Given this high level of mar itime activity over two centuries, in combination with local hazar ds such as unpredictable winds and treacherous offshore reefs, frequent hurricanes and the currents, menance of privateers, it shoul d not be surprising to find that a A ks occurred in the Virgin Islands. large number of shipwrec recorded in this Register. This total of 576 shipwrecks have been is an impressive figure. Indeed, it is likely that in terms of spatial measurement more shipwrecks are concentrated in the Virgin Islands than any comparab le area in the Western Hemisphere. More- where nearly 50% of these wrecks occurred, over, Sst. Thomas...

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Tiempo Issue8 1993 Desertification FloodActionPlan Wetlands SelfHelp GlobalWarming

...UNDP, France etc feasibility studies being made in three embankments would divide the protected area identified flood control project areas which are into compartments, enabling water flow across the land to be controlled. The objective is to thousand kilometres of embankments exist strongly hierarchical society, and it would be give farmers a more secure environment for around polders in the coastal zone. A number unrealistic to expect overnight success. investment in crop production n the monsoon of inland areas have been also been Also, the Government of Bangladesh has season. empoldered, some of them provided with pump made environmental impact assessments The concept of controlled flooding is being drainage. (EIAs) mandatory for all new projects. But tested on the compartmentalization pilot While there have been some successes, such again, carrying out EIAs is not an easy task in It involves detailed a country where there is a dearth of factual project (FAP20). as the Chandpur Irrigation Project, there have hydrological modelling and intensive public been many partial or total project failures. The ecological information and which has already consultation. The latter aims to ascertain FAP12/13 studies found that, amongst many been strongly impacted upon by dense human people’s...

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Ratter Possekel Bynoe Resource Management Caribbean EcoEco Scenarios LandUse IRF

...Plan. Government of Montserrat (1994): National Environmental Action Plan. Government of St. Kitts and Nevis (1994): National Environmental Action Plan. Government of St. Lucia (1994): National En- vironmental Action Plan. Griffith, M. and Persaud B. (1995): Economic Policy and the Environment: The Carib- bean Experience. Kingston: UWICED. Ishmael, L. (1987): Land Use Policy and the Informal Sector in the Caribbean: A Study in the Caribbean: A Study in Cause and Effect. Unpublished Manuscript. Singh, N. (1994): No Room for Error. In: ur Planet, (6)1, pp.24-27. UNEDP (1990): Action Plan for the Environment inLatin America and the Caribbean. King- ston: UNEP. UNEP (OCA) (1997): Environmental prob- lems. Environment in the Wider Carib- bean Region. Kingston: UNEP. UNEP/UNESCO (1980): Post graduate Course Module in Ecological Approach- es to Resources Development. Land Man- agement and Impact Assessment in De- veloping Countries. Paris: UNESCO. United Nations (1992): Earth Summit ‘92 Re- port. Geneva: United Nations. United Nations (1995): Final Report: pro- gramme of Actions for Sustainable Devel- opment of Small Island Developing States. World Bank (1994): Initiatives for Regional Action on Caribbean Environmental Is- sues, Caribbean Division Country Depart- ment 111. Latin America and the Carib- bean. Washington D.C.

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CEP Technical Report 3 1989 UNEP Implications Climatic Changes Wider Caribbean Maul

...1985: Report of the International Conference on the Assessment of the- role of Carbon Dioxide and of other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts, held in Villach, Austria, 9-15 October, 1985. WMO Ref. No. 661, pp: 1-4, 1986. Additional references can be found in the Chapters of the Task Team Report to be published on Pergamon Press and edited by John Milliman of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and which contains the following Chapters: Global Climatic Changes and Regional Needs by G. S. Giese. Page 21 CEP Technical Report No. 3 Future Climate of the Caribbean Basin by T.M.L. Wigley and B.D. Santer. Analysis of the Historical Meteorological Record at Key West, Florida (1851-1986) for evi- d ence of Trace-Gas Induced Climate Change by K. Hanson and G.A. Maul Meteorology by C. R. Gray Impact of Climate Change on Hurricanes by L. J. Shapiro Geology: Physical Processes, Coastal Impacts by M. Hendry. Some Meteorological and Oceanographic Conditions along the Souhrn Coal Boundary of the Caribbean Sea (1951-1986) by R. Apacicio. On the Impact of Changed Water Depth (Sea Level Rise) on Storm Surge and Storm Wave Modelling for Island...

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Pelling Uitto 2001 EnvironmentalHazards SIDS NaturalDisasterVulnerability GlobalChange

...the Caribbean islands were built upon specific conditions of morality and political- economy emanating from the European global core- region. The local consequences were deforestation, loss of indigenous populations, local food insecurity and extremes of socio-economic and political inequality. This was—and to a large extent still is—reflected in economic dependency and human vulnerability. The 1898 hurricane in Saint Vincent destroyed 20,000 workers houses leaving half the population homeless and three-quarters without food as inappropriately constructed buildings, limited subsistence crops and external communications were lost (Richardson, 1997). If a hurricane of similar strength was to visit Saint Vincent today would impact assessments be very different? What distinguishes contemporary from historical global pressure can be summed up by the notion of time-space compression (Harvey, 1990). Here, the increasingly wide reach and rapidity in transmission of global pressures are felt as though time and space are being compressed. It seems likely that time-space compression will have an impact on small island vulnerability, one of the key components of which is insularity and remoteness. Such rapid and expansive flows of capital, people, ideas and organisms are redrawing geographies of development, but what does this mean for SIDS...

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EnvironmentalPlanningIssues 08 1995 SmallIslandStates SustainableDevelopment Bass DalalClayton

...to "achieve the mission". The sugges ed measures are listed in Box 10. The NEAP led to the initiation of an Enviro nment Investment Programme (EIP) (1990-1995) which is soon to be completed. It also resu Ited in the establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Quality of Life with the enforcing environmental legislation, as wel Department of Environment as its main body for 1l as the Environment Protection Act (1991). Under this Act, environmental impact assessment has become an important instrument for integrating environmental concerns in policy- and deci sion-making. 37 Box 10: Implementing the Mauritius National Environmental Policy S — Establishment of the Department of the Environment (the Government had | The Ministry of already established an Environmental Protection Department in 1989) to be Housing, Lands and responsible for the administration of environmental protection legislation, to Environment became design and develop environmental guidelines and standards, and to be a the Ministry of Environment and national focal point for information and research on all environmental matters. Further the Department shall assist other Ministries and Quality of Life in governmental agencies in their task of protecting and enhancing the quality of September 1991 the environment. Incorporation of environmental considerations...

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Crowards 1998 Proposed Sustainable Development Indicators Caribbean CDB Workshop

...of permitted artificial reefs species, diversity & Ports (cruiseship passengers, registered vessels, No. of threatened coastal structures evenness) no. of docked commercial ships, economic Beach closings & advisories Seagrass total area impacts) Recreational value (visitors, Groundings on coral reefs & Miles of developed coastal arcas licenses, vessels) seagrass beds Submerged land leases Exotic aquatic plants Area of public lands purchased for preservation Documented marine along the coast ammal strandings Public access points along the coast Selected species population; Beachfront properties under public ownership range; nesting activity Undeveloped coastal properties Area of coastal open space Coastal parks: no. and shoreline length Scenic coastal highways, length Public awareness & concern: coastal land purchase; beach access; hurricanes; seafood safety Public participation in: beach visits; coastal cleanup; ecotourism; advocacy groups; coastal policy APPENDIX. Part 3: Possible ENVIRONMENTAL Indicators; p.7 of 8 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CIAT (1996) No. of environmental profiles & assessments Public perception of environmental problems Protected areas Signature and ratification of international treaties Funds generated for conservation ESCAP (1996) No. of patents on environmental technology Expenditures on clean technology, % GDP Environmental taxes/subsidies, % government revenue UK-DETR (1998) Pollution abatement expenditure UNEP/RIVM (1994) Defensive expenditures: pollution abatement; technical operations; protective activities; public research and development...

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1993 IISD EarthNegotiationsBulletin Vol8 GlobalConference SustainableDevelopment SIDS PrepCom Report

...sustainable development and capacity building. The Conference should: develop a coordinated plan of action for implementation by UN organizations and other inter-governmental bodies; develop environmental management plans; and strengthen existing r onal and subregional institutions for monitoring and fo -up. WORLD BANK: Jan C. Post said that the Bank created a vice presidency for environmentally sustainable development last year. All projects now have to go throu environmental impact assessment process. nvironmental rotection is the object of many Bank projects. He referred to & he role of the Bank in the GEF and its work in conjunction with UNEP and FAO on integrated coastal zone management, WAFUNIF: Diedre Powell, on behalf of the World Assoclation of Former Internes and Fellows, hi areas for further attention: endogenous scien C an lighted five technological capacity; access to environmentally sound technolo es; the br: drain; the globalization of finance and pr uction and the impact of groupt n such as the EC and AFTA; and the im ct of science an fig technology on women and youth. Youth, women and indigenou S orm an essential part of the knowledge base of S pl WOMEN'S CAUCUS: Dr. E.A. Moore said that women's...

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EARTHMAP Design Study Implementation Plan Global Environment Technology Foundation 1995

...Photo courtesy of Peter Rabley, PADCO. The attention of international develop- ment and environment agencies (0 sustainable development capacity-building following the 1992 United Nations Conference on Envi- ronment and Development (UNCED). including collaboration by United Nations agencies such as the Commis- sion on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), Environment Program (UNEP), and Development Program (UNDP)—in identifying common data needs, the more stringent environmen- tal impact assessment policies of the multilateral development banks, and the Program for Sustainable Develop- ment of the U.S. Agency for Interna- tional Development (USAID). The on-going efforts by several na- tional and international agencies to set up mechanisms for electronically sharing data in general, such as the Global Information Infrastructure (GII), and environment-related data in particular, such as the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). The increasing availability of digitized geospatial data sets such as the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) Digital Chart of the World (DCW) at the global level and countless others at the local and national levels. — ¥ e | S i o o * hese significant efforts can serve as the touchstones for public and private collaboration to improve the quality and expand the coverage of geospatial data in...

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Bass 1993 Ecology Economics Small Islands Sustainable Development Framework

...Albu- querque, 1991). Clearly, if its scale is not controlled, tourism presents a potential envi- ronmental hazard, especially as it is concentrated on the relatively fragile coastal ecosystems. It can be socially destabling, for in many islands the tourist population greatly outnumbers locals. Sustainable tourism will depend upon integrated policy and planning that will maximize visitor by = " P AL C S SN, i 164 Ecology and economics in small islands expenditure rather than numbers, that will widen the season but also allow for ecological and infrastructure recovery, and that will provide measures to control ecological and social impacts. Finally, it must be noted that, for many small islapds, the surrounding marine territory may be the most important economiglarger than theisland —must always be considered as part of the small isl system. Nearshore fisheries provide subsistence, social security reserves and unemployment insurance for many island people (Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). However, they depend upon very limited areas of seagrass beds, man- groves and reefs, which are easily degraded by industrial and urban development - particularly pollution and land reclamation. Offshore fish- eries present far larger resources for development, but they often require technology and capital from other countries ; again, therefore...

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Bass 1993 Ecology and Economics in Small Islands Framework for Sustainable Development

...1991). Clearly, if its scale is not controlled, tourism presents a potential envi- ronmental hazard, especially as it is concentrated on the relatively fragile coastal ecosystems. It can be socially destabilizing, for in many islands the tourist population greatly outnumbers locals. Sustainable tourism will depend upon integrated policy and planning that will maximize visitor 163 164 C Ecology and economics in small islands expenditure rather than numbers, that will widen the season but also allow for ecological and infrastructure recovery, and that will provide measures to control ecological and social impacts. Finally, it must be noted that, for many small islands, the surrounding marine territory may be the most important economic resource. This terri- tory - which is often far larger than the island - must always be considered as part of the small island system. Nearshore fisheries provide subsistence, social security reserves and unemployment insurance for many island people (Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). However, they depend upon very limited areas of seagrass beds, mangroves and reefs, which are easily degraded by industrial and urban development - particularly pollu- tion and land reclamation. Offshore fisheries present far larger resources for development, but they often require technology and capital from other countries; again...

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Industry and Environment Vol22 No1 1999 UNEP Financial Services and Sustainability

...implementation of sus- tainable development. As a result of the tight financial situation in the public sector, necessary measures relevant to the environment are increas- ingly being realized using innovative organization and financing methods. These require specialist knowledge, which Deutsche Bank has acquired from years of experience. Since 1995, it has been firmly anchored in our loan principles that we do not participate in the financing of companies or projects that, in our opinion, involve significant dangers for the envi- ronment. Accordingly, even for international pro- ject financing we insist on environmental impact assessments conducted by external specialists. This is in line with our fundamental understand- ing of “global ethics”, to which Deutsche Bank, as n recent years environmental protection has been given increasingly high priority in indus- I try, politics and society at large. The Rio Con- ference in 1992 was a major factor in demonstrating that all those concerned are called upon to continue to safeguard “future viability” by making efficient and sparing use of resources. As early as 1992, therefore, Deutsche Bank played an active role in drawing up the Statement by Banks within the framework of UNEP. In signing this Statement, banks endorsed the prin- ciple...

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Ausubel 1991 SecondLook ImpactsClimateChange AmericanScientist

...a large extent this is a climate-induced migration; people even accept lower wages to live in warmer cli- mates. A similar phenomenon has occurred in Canada. The behavior of populations over the past few decades thus suggests that many people might feel themselves winners to have a warmer climate, other things being equal or nearly so. Finally, there is also the curious fact that previous, detailed studies showed that on balance, global cooling would be adverse and global warming beneficial. These stud- ies, undertaken as part of the Climate Im- pact Assessment Program (CIAP) of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the early 1970s, were primarily concerned with the possibility of global cooling that might be associated with a large fleet of super- sonic transport planes operating in the stratosphere. The warming scenarios were explored partly as a reference point. As Fig- ure 1 shows, both warming and cooling produced a blend of benefits and costs. Global-cooling scenarios produced net costs, whereas moderate global-warming scenarios tended to produce net benefits. Studies combining warming and cooling scenarios with both increases and decreases in precipitation yielded essentially the same result, with a warmer and wetter sce- nario the...

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Vermeiren1989 NaturalDisasters EconomicsEnvironment CaribbeanConference

...strategies for improving risk perception and response. Significant progress can be mad e towards this end by including hazard assessment and vulnerability analysis in the development planning process, and by expa nding the project apprai sal process to include a cost-benefit analysis for investment in appropriate loss reduction and mitigation measures. ) 1. Introduction I have chosen this title in an attempt to focus attention on a particular namely the aspect of the linkage between economics and the environment, relationship between economic development and environmental extremes. Natural disasters, after all, are nothing else but extreme environmental events that impact on human act jvities. As is the case in any systemic relationship, where cause and effect are frequently interacting, economic deve lopment not only suffers the impact of natural disasters, it is quite often also the cause of, or at least an important compounding factor in certain types of disasters. Environmental neglect or abuse can threaten development by exacerbating natural events. the Caribbean Basin nations ' By their location and physiographic nature, are subject to strong atmospheric, hydrologic and geo logic extremes. Meteorologic may pose the most frequent hazards such as tropical storms and hurricanes threats, yet earthquakes and volcani c eruptions...

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Forum Vol6 No1 Caribbean Urban Shelter Disaster Management RHUDO Jan1992

...RHUDO CARIBBEAN DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 James, Joanne Burke) and RHUDO/ CAR (William Gelman, Nicole Pitter Patterson and Keith Ford). A visit through the region revealed that there were several developmental problems which were gradually increasing the vulnerability of the Caribbean to the effects of hurricanes and other disas- ters and which, if left unchecked, could adversely affect the development of the region. These include the following: 1) a high potential for loss of infras- tructure and lifeline facilities due to poor siting, improper construc- tion and poor or non-existent maintenance; 2) inadequate building codes and enforcement; and 3) rapid development of coastal and other flood prone areas. A Planning and Design Collobara- tive International (PADCO) team con- sisting of Robert Olsen, Tony Gibbs of Consulting Engineers Partnership, O'neil Cuffe a private consultant and Keith Ford from RHUDO, confirmed these earlier findings. The impact of Gilbert and Hugo also brought the issue of reinsurance shar- plyinto focus. Faced with global losses due to both natural and man-made disasters, a number of major reinsur- ance companies have indicated a cer- tain reluctance to continue carrying the risk in the Caribbean. If this trend con- tinues...

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Forum Vol6 No1 Caribbean Disaster Management RHUDO Jan1992

...DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 James, Joanne Burke) and RHUDO/ CAR (William Gelman, Nicole Pitter Patterson and Keith Ford). A visit through the region revealed that there were several developmental problems which were gradually increasing the vulnerability of the Caribbean to the effects of hurricanes and other disas- ters and which, if left unchecked, could adversely affect the development of the region. These include the following: 1) a high potential for loss of infras- tructure and lifeline facilities due to poor siting, improper construc- tion and poor or non-existent maintenance; 2) inadequate building codes and enforcement; and 3) rapid development of coastal and other flood prone areas. A Planning and Design Collobara- tive International (PADCO) team con- sisting of Robert Olsen, Tony Gibbs of Consulting Engineers Partnership, O'neil Cuffe a private consultant and Keith Ford from RHUDO, confirmed these earlier findin The impact of Gi r and Hugo also brought the issue of reinsurance shar- ply into focus. Faced with global losses due to both natural and man-made disasters, a number of major reinsur- ance companies have indicated a cer- tain reluctance to continue carrying the risk in the Caribbean. If this trend con- tinues...

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1993 Collymore McDonald Brown Natural Environmental Disaster Preparedness Caribbean Regional Technical Meeting BackgroundPaper

...post-impact recovery or to long-term strategies aimed at reducing the Several evaluations of the national arrangements for managing disasters have all indicated that disaster preparedness programmes are accorded too low a priority in national agendas; that disaster organizations are inadequately staffed and equipped. In addition, most disaster organizations in the region of reference have no authority to solicit the cooperation of the agencies necessary to develop and implement programmes to effect good preparedness planning. The Directors of Disaster Organizations are often appointed at too low a level in the Civil Service hierarchy to facilitate adequate immediate access to resource managers in the system. recent preparedness audit of CARICOM Member States and the British Virgin Islands, conducted by The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA), indicated that on the average these islands had adequate hurricane preparedness awareness and some basic infrastructure for alerting the population of impending threats. A Figures I and II illustrate the elements critical to effective disaster management and reveal that there is still considerable work to be done in the region. This is reinforced by a further assessment of the status of implementation of the critical national programmes indispensable towards the development of an effective...

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