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1,296 results for "mangrove conservation" (6255ms)
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Gulston Eustace StVincentGrenadines Agricultural Sector Study Vol2 Agricultural Programmes OAS

...plant and animal life by the farmers and the community occupying the vos river basins in the State. ! i P e n 2 - 29 1 Economic and social activities in a watershed and the us of the evonn are inter-related. Hence conflict situations such as banana production, soil erosion and water contamination (rivers and catchments) arise. Government must take the initiative in the planning and control of economic and social development at the political and technical levels (for housing, roads, water, forestry, farming, mangrove, and beach control, etc). The rd management programme consist of: (a) preparation of watershed policy for St. Vincent and the Grenadines (legal, administrative, technical). Funding requirement (echnical Assistance - four man months) EC$100,000 (b) soil conservation projects for selected areas. r Union River Watershed and other sites. Funding requirement EC$540,000 over three years (c) establishment of planning system to inform and integrate activities to be undertaken by various agencies, to be co-ordinated by the Central Planning Unit (Central Water and ee.uo Banana Association, Communication and Works, Agriculture, Physical Planning). Funding requircment for Technical Assistance (one man month) EC$27,000. i o 2 - 30 (d) evaluation and continuous monitoring of water, basic tests...
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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...There is a firm commitment to revitalise the industry, and in this regard, your findings and recommendations from this seminar with particular reference to Trinidad and Tobago will be of tremendous interest. Inevitably, you will also give some considera- tion to the problems of our coastal wetlands. The degradation by pollution and man’s direct encroachment on such areas is the subject of dialogue in many parts of the world. Considering that such areas generate nutrients for the early stages of many commercial fish and provide a safe and food-rich ecosystem for various aquatic animals, many of commercial importance, your observations will be of interest. Indications are that our mangrove areas have suffered severe effects of over-kill with respect to oysters. I do not know to what extent, if any, the various substitutes (such as chip-chip and mussels sold by the traditional vendors) may have had in respect to the health aspirations of those buyers who are convinced of the much touted virtues of oysters. Mr. Chairman, | wish to reiterate that aqua- culture is a matter of tremendous interest to the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Food Production. | trust that initiatives by the Institute of...
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Wider Caribbean Environmental Agricultural Constraints and Resource Management AMBIO 1981

...the flow of landless people into the domestic market on small land holdings. and burn the vegetation in the dry season, and plant crops in time for the rainy sea- cities, with all the attendant environmen- Export crops are sold to large integrated tal and social consequences of rapid. un- companies that usually produce, process son. The farmer makes minimal inputs to planned growth in the urban areas. Or the or/and market these same crops. The maintain this subsistence level of farming and there is little or no soil conservation. landless may invade previously undis- small farmer therefore has a ready market turbed forest areas where they cause en- at stable prices, but the prices are often This migratory agriculture is usually prac- vironmental damage through slash-and- too low for him to make a reasonable pro- ticed on highly erodable soils, and is one burn farming techniques. fit. These small farms are the main source of the major causes of deforestation in the Previously, most of the estates were of the wide variety of crops produced for region. In part the problem arises because domestic use. Food crops grown for the of the system of land tenure (see...
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Chakalall 1987 Aquaculture Development in CARICOM CARICOM Fisheries Officers Meeting StVincent

...Mangroves, 17% arable and 171 turtles. Degraded soils, flat, Barbuda Low, flat; limestone. Mangroves, turtles. 166 Barbados __ Low, flat; limestone. Deep soils, 77 arable. Potable water Tortola Group Small, clustered island group; low hilly; volcanic. Virgin Gorda Mangroves. (British Virgin Islands) B Anegada Low, flat; limestone. Mangroves, salt ponds. Turtle (British Virgin Islands) nesting. Dominica 290 High, rugged; volcanic. Varied soils, 227% arable, Steep slopes; potable water. 133 High, rugged; volcanic. Mangroves, turtles. Varied soils, 477% arable, steep slopes; potable water Grenada Grenadines Low, hilly clustered island group; limestone. Turtles. Montserrat 39 High, rugged; volcanic. Degraded volcanic soil. 20% arable. Potable water ST. Christopher 101 High; volcanic. Volcanic soil; 40% arable; gentle nd Nevis slopes. Potable water. Salt ponds S IS ( ® - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESSER ANTILLES ISLANDS o T AREA * ISLAND (Square Miles) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Saint Lucia 238 High, rugged; volcanic. Varied soils, 27% arable Gentle slopes; potable water. Mangroves. ST. Vincent 150 High, rugged; volcanic. Varied soils, 50% arable, Steep slopes. Potable water. St. Vincent Grenadines Low, hilly clustered island group; limestone. Mangroves; turtles. * o Extracted from Lowenthal, A. 'The Caribbean', Woodrow Wilson Quarterly, VI, 2, 1982, pp 126-127 Extracted from Putney, A. 'Survey of Conservation...
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Danforth 1935 Birds of Barbuda Economic Importance Puerto Rican Avifauna JAgricUnivPR VolXIIX No4

...part of this lagoon Small sailing vessels proceed directly to the village, but larger craft have to anchor at a considerable distance off the landing known as The River on the south coast of the island, three and a half miles from Codrington. The climate of the island is dry, and there is no fresh on the surface, although this is easily obtained from wells. Xerophytie brush occurs everywhere, this being generally very dense in the northern part of the island and of a- more open nature in the south- ern part. Mangrove swamps occur along the coast. From 1691 until 1870 Barbuda was leased by the British own to the Codrington family, who used it as a stock farm for their estates in Antigua and also as a shooting estate Afterwards other leases were granted, but in 1898 the Crown resumed possession and the island passed under the government of Antigua. The Codring- Remnants of these still sur- tons introduced deer and guinea fowl. vive. Land tortoises are abundant in the southern part of the ln A living immature specimen sent to Dr. Thomas Barbour was identified as Testudo tabulata Walbaum. It may have been intro- duced 473 i...
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FAO RLAC93 28 PES24 Species Cultured Insular Caribbean Belize FrenchGuiana Guyana Suriname 1993 Chakalall

...with 85 ha of production ponds, is also involved in "contract farming”, and in 1992 was exporting approx. 4,000 lbs whole fish and 500 Ibs fillet to USA and Europe per week. Sex reversal techniques utilised by major commercial enterprises. Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Silver Carp (Hypothalmichthys molitrix) These species are polycultured on a pilot scale in a few commercial farms. Held as brood stock by the Inland Fisheries Unit (IFU) and a few commercial farmers. Malaysian Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Secondary production in polyculture trials by two private companies. Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) Endemic species. Technology being transferred from pilot scale stage to commercial production by individual farmers. Spats collected from wild and sold to farmers. Brood stock obtained from Panama in 1987 for research | and pilot scale production. Held as brood stock by IFU. Pilot scale production using 2 x 4 m bamboo rafts at Bowdens oyster culture research site by IFU. = E MONTSERRAT 19 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES Aquaculture research and development in the Netherlands Antilles is carried out by Fundashon Marcultura, an inter-governmental research and demonstration agency, based in Bonaire N B Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) Marine Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Stock...
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Document 64145716

...nitrogen concentration, temperature turbidity, sal. pollution effects - eutrophication (d) Biological Parameters - primary production hopl zooplankton, benthos) trash fish predators disease organisms , fungi, viruses, parasites) () Species selection and assessment Species which will be considered for culture should possess the following characteristics:- (1) hardiness and resistance to disease (i1) high reproductive potential (iii) ability to feed and spawn in captivity iv) rapid growth rate (v) adaptability to crowding (vi) non-predatory (vii) low mortality rate Local freshwater fish species which lend themselve: to cultivation are Tilapia (Tilapia mossembica) and Cascadura (Zoplosternum littorales). The Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) o ai and uabine " will be used as predator controls. Other species to be assessed will include the ullets (Fugil sp.), the Teta (omcm Pui-Pui Cod aeneas) and Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea Exotic food fish and ornamentals will also rhizophorae). be considered. (e) biologcal research Factors to be considered here will include growth rate, spawning time, fecundity, genetics, fertilizers and feed. Special attention will be paid towards the use of fertilizers and feed. Fertilizers are important as they increase primary productivity which is essential for primary consumers. Both organic (pen or poultry manure) and chemical fertilizers (superphosphates) will be utilized in experiments. Intensive culture requires supplemental...
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198X African Locusts Caribbean Threat and Agricultural Impacts DailyNews

...plans to start a conch farm at meeting. ) that dolphins are negatively affected certain parts of . Anegada’s These measures include banning by tuna boats and a study is being Horseshoe Reef. Preliminary plans spear fishing with scuba tanks as carried out by the Institute to see if indicate that newly-hatched conchs has recently been done in Belize, the same is true of the blue marlin would be brought to the: protected and Turks and Caicos and demar- whose numbers are falling,” said areas and then harvested periodi- cating protected marine habitats, as Davies. Last year two boats applied cally when mature. —— 9 i MIN ATIV ANVISI NIDYIA HHL Erosion in Grenada: st. GEORGE'S, Grenada — The ocean is eroding Grenada’s eastern coastline, accordin XC g an Agricul- dn Bo ture Ministry study. GRen Agriculture Minister Phinsley St. Louis said in an interview Monday the study has determined that Atlantic Ocean rollers and coastal defor- estation are the cause of the problem. “The mangrove trees are being cut down to burn into charcoal and ersS this not only encourages erosion, but destroys the areas where the fish HAR come to spawn,” St. Louis said. 1661 ‘77 WALOID0 o
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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...marshes, and In turn these low-lying systems further trap moisture and sediment mangroves. to preserve the clarify, salinity, and productivity of marine lagoons and coral reefs. Often these delicate freshwater processes are disturbed by modernization. Heavy logging and de-vegetation of mountain forests for resort, residential, and roadwork construction damage natural buffering action, accelerate runoff and erosion, and result in the loss of soil productivity downstream and the silting over and disappearance of small streams. In some highly developed islands, very heavy runoff and sediment discharge has even damaged seagrass beds and coral 19 20 reefs, affecting fishing and recreational uses (McElroy et al., 1990). In addition, large-scale monocropping for export tends to promote erosion because It of heavy nutrient loss through wholesale removal of biomass at harvesting. also requires intensive fertilizer and pesticide use to substitute for the lost natural fertility and pest control exhibited by balanced systems. Such applications reduce biological diversity and organic defenses against major infestations (Imamura, 1988). In the second case, the seawater buffering system -- reefs, seagrass beds, littoral vegetation, mangroves -- stabilizes shorelines and protects agricultural (coconuts) and fishing activities from tropical storms and tidal waves. This protection is extremely important in the...
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USICOMOS Newsletter No3 2003

...Management of Baltimore, Maryland; Peter L Freeman of Yarmouthport, Massachusetts; Historic New Harmony, Indiana; Historic House Trust of New York City; ICON Architecture of Boston, Massachusetts; Jablonski Berkowitz Conservation Inc of New York City; Lord, Aeck, Sargent Architects of Atlanta, Georgia; LORD Cultural Resources, Washington, DC; Vertical Access of Ithaca, New York US/ICOMOS welcomes back the following renewing institutional members for 2004: Arizona State University Graduate Program in Public History; Atlanta Landmarks, Inc of Atlanta, Georgia; Bermuda Maritime Museum of Mangrove Bay, Bermuda; Crocker, Ltd. of Santa Fe, New Mexico; Historic Boston Incorporated of Boston, Massachusetts; Historic Charleston Foundation of Charleston, South Carolina; Jan Hird Pokorny Associates of New York City; the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers - NCSHPO - of Washington, DC; The US- Mexico Liaison Office of the National Park Service in Las Cruces, New Mexico; the National Trust for Historic Preservation of Washington, DC; Rockefeller Brothers Fund of Tarrytown, New York; the San Antonio Conservation Society of San Antonio, Texas; Savannah College of Arts and Design of Savannah, Georgia; Stanford University Planning Office of Stanford, California; Texas A&M University of College Station, Texas; the University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania...
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McCabe 1992 Caribbean Heritage Conservation and Identity

...1983, the day on which St. Kitts and Nevis became an independent nation. The long, low house is much used. The island’s governing assembly meets on the second floor. An enticing museum and a craft shop are downstairs. But, most important of all, the Hamilton house is home to the Nevis His- torical and Conservation Society, which restored the modest landmark. Joan and David Robinson, former Peace Corps volunteers, are curators of the museum and full-time staff members of the society. In the welcome cool- ness of a basement room, David tells me that during the last five years the preservation group has shifted its priorities from saving historic buildings to saving mangrove swamps and beaches. “There are 29 environmental laws on the books, but many are not enforceable at present. We're working for stricter enforcement procedures and regulations.” he says. W The preservation group is working to learn all it can about the island’s en- vironment. Six studies — on natural resources that range from marine life to monkeys — are under way, Robinson says. Water monitoring is a priority, along with a study of beach stability, because Nevis is one of many islands current- ly “mining...
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Berleant-Schiller 1981 Small-Scale Fishing Caribbean Barbuda HumanOrganization

... Munro, Reeson, and Gaut 1971). A com- reflected the new independence of some Caribbean states and mercial fishery for such islands as Antigua or Montserrat the anticipated independence of others. The basic develop- would mean long-distance deep-sea vessels, cold storage ment decisions were built into the rj d not emerge facilities, and a new marketing system. Can the society and from its research phase. They included plans for pelagic economy f small islands support such development? Is invest- fishing, mechanization and large vessels, commercial market- ment from the outside desirable? How would a commercial ing, and large capital investment, if necessary from the out- fishery affect the local artisanal fishery that provides local S side: plans less conservative than the suggestions made in the food? 1962 report. Commerdial development as envisioned by the UNDP-FAQO The first phase of this new Caribbean Fishery Deveiopment might work for some project members. Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Project, 1965-1969, provided for the simultaneous beginning and Guyana, for example, have both suitable waters and suffi- cient economic of marketing development, pelagic exploration, and personnel resources. Nevertheless, much smaller training. 1t was geared to future hopes rather than present members share the same...
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Zube Pitt 1980 CrossCulturalPerceptions Scenic Heritage Landscapes LandscapePlanning

...receiving regional and national attention, Designation of national heritage sites, in addition to those on the Morld Heritace List, expands .the domain considerably. The April 1980 European Heritage Landscape Con- ference held in England provided a forum for the exchange of infor- mation among landscape managers and staff about the planning and management of Europe's heritage landscapes. Efforts to develop a heritage program in the United States have been under way for several years with the establishment of the Heritage Conservation and Recrea- tion Service (HCRS) at the national level in 1978 and with the subsequent drafting of legislation for a proposed National Heritage Program. — “The concept of heritage landscapes encompasses landscapes of scenic and cultural as well as scientific value. international, national or even regional application of this broad heritage land- scape concept raises the issue of cross-cultural differences in the perception and definition of heritage landscape values, - e o Project 13 of the Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) (UNESCO, 1973) identifies six areas of research related to the per- ception of environmental quality "...which might form a basis for cooperative activities between countries”: 1 Perception of environmental hazards; 2. Perception of the environment in...
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Berleant-Schiller 1981 Traditional and Commercial Fisheries Barbuda Caribbean Political Development

...Reeson, and Gaut 1971). A com- _mercial fishery for such islands as Antigua or Montserrat the anticipated independence of others. The basic develop- would mean lon g-distance deep-sea vessels, cold _storage ment decisions were built into the project; They did not emerge facilities, and a new marke ting system. Can the society and from_its research phase. They included plans for pelagic econom fishing, mechanization and large vessels, commercial market- ment _fr of small islands support such development? Is invest- the outside desirable? How would a commercial ing, and large capital investment, if necessary from the out- fishery affe side: plans less conservative than the suggestions made in the ct_the local artisanal fishery that vi local food? 1962 report. Commercial development as envisioned by the UNDP-FAO The first phase of this new Caribbean Fishery Development might work for some project members. Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Project, 1965-1969, provided for the simultaneous beginning and Guyana, for example, have both suitable waters and suffi- cient economic of marketing development, pelagic exploration, and personnel resources. Nevertheless, much smaller training. It was geared to future hopes rather than present members share the same way of thinking about fisheries devel- realities...
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VIBIB Bibliographic Holdings VINP USVI Danish West Indies Prelim List 1985

...1970. 25 p. l., maps, and acetate overlays. Sets forth the position of VIPA in regard to a new airport and pro- vides a complete review of the effort expended to that point in coming to a decision to develop air transportation faci ies Lo serve the USVI. Argues that H.S. Truman Airport could not be upgraded at any cost. Presents a plan for the Long Point Mangrove Lagoon area to become the ST international airport. NPT:NPS Griffin, A.P.C. A List of Books (with References 1o Periodicals) on the Danish West Indies. WDC: Library of Congress Division of Bibliography, 1901. 18 p. (Reprinted as Senate Document no. 227, ser. no. 4176, 56th Congr., 2nd. sess.). Listing of books. pamphlets. letters, periodicals. and articles in Da. government publications from 1868 to 1870, goncerning sales negotiations with the US. Groombridge, Brian, ed. The UCN Amphibia Reptilia Red Data Book. Part I. Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1982. [p.n.a.]. Contains a section on the Hawksbill turtle (p. 181-200). with reference to nesting records in the USVI (p. 189). Gross, Jeffrey M. The Archaic Period in the Virgin...
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Adams JohnE 1980 Fish Markets Belize Problems Consumption JournalCulturalGeography

...which is a substantial income in a country where per capita income averages less than $4,000 (Belizean). Lobster fishermen have little profit incentive to engage themselves in any other form of fishing which pays considerably less.! Exportation of conch started on a large-scale basis in 1965, reached a peak in 1972 and then declined sharply because of overfishing. Conch grounds near Belize City are fished out and there are few of the shellfish leftin the south and outer atolls. As a conservation measure, a closed season was introduced in an effort to save the industry; but it may take several years before stocks are replenished because it takes five to six years before a conch reaches maturity. Each cooperative is required by government statute to allocate a fixed percentage of its production of lobster tails (5% by weight), cleaned conch (10% by weight) and a fixed monthly amount (not percentage) of scale fish to the domestic market. Anything above the quotas can be exported. The fixed quotas are to ensure that a portion of the total fish production of the country is reserved for the demands of the domestic markets. All spiny lobster and conch reserved for the...
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1977 UNESCO Development of Museums Trinidad and Tobago Almeida-Moro IRF TRP175-7-3

...and so on. These journeys gave the Consultant the opportunity to observe local conditions and customs and to meet the people. B 11l 18. The following additional information is provided as a background to illustrate the recomendations and suggestions made by the Consultant. 19. Trinidad is a tropical island, roughly rectangular in shape, 100 It is miles ong and 40 miles wide with an area of 1864 square miles. separated from the Venezuelan coast by the Gulf of Paria and the narrow chamnel of the Bocas del Dragon (Dragon's mouth). Two narrow belts of highland traverse the island. The area between the highlands is drained by the Caroné river which flows into the Gulf of Paria after passing through the mangrove chamnels of Caroné swamp with its rich eco-system. This swamp is a bird sanctuary for the scarlet ibis. Evergreen tropical forest covers much of the hill area, while in the central range and low lands there is decidcus tropical forest and open savana. The country is meetly flat or undulating and swampy in parts. The mean maximum temperature is 30.6°C, the mean minimum 21.7°C, hot by day and cool by night. The island lies within...
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1988 Historic Resources US Virgin Islands Review Assessment NPS

...valuable cultural properties been (o} g destroyed damaged by earthmoving activities, but they are being vandalized, sometimes systematically and openly, for personal gratification and/or profit. Today, cultural objects removed from territorial harbors and other sites, are being openly sold in tourist shops. Moreover, there is growing evidence that large numbers of cultural objects are being transported outside the territory. Even objects recovered as part of official archeological excavations have been sent outside the territory without provision for their eventual return. there R Further, a need to provide a reasonable framework for permitting scientific investigation, recovery and conservation of cultural material, so that its educational value can be fully realized, and a better understanding of past cultural systems. In the past, unscientific, unprofessional, poorly reported archeological investi- gations resulted in the destruction of important sites, the removal of important artifacts from the territory, and the loss of important documentation and information. The mounting threat to the cultural patrimony has encouraged some concerned legislators, government officials and organizations to call for the enactment of a territorial antiquities law. A draft antiquities 5. act was prepared in the 1970s by the Territorial Archeologist, but ld was never submitted the for legislative approval...
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Pregill Steadman Watters 1994 Late Quaternary Vertebrate Faunas Lesser Antilles Carnegie Mus Nat Hist Bull 30

...1992) (Fig. 2). The coastal regions of north- east South America and the adjacent continental island of Trinidad are the areas from which the Ortoiroid peoples dispersed to the oceanic islands of the Lesser Antilles. In the Greater Antilles, a separate series (Casimiroid) is known from the Ar- chaic Age and the even older Lithic Age (perhaps to 4000 B.C.). Although a Casimiroid population movement from the Greater Antilles into the north- ern Lesser Antilles during the Archaic Age remains 1994 PREGILL ET AL.—ANTILLEAN QUATERNARY FAUNAS a possibility, such a colonization has yet to be ver- ified archaeologically. It is the Ortoiroid artifact se- ries from South America that characterizes the Ar- chaic Age sites in the Lesser Antilles. Lesser Antillean Archaic Age sites are usually coastal and often near mangrove stands (Davis, 1982). Faunal remains from these sites indicate that primarily marine and estuarine animals, especially mollusks, were exploited. These first inhabitants were neither agrarian nor potters—thus, the alternative cultural term “preceramic.” Archaic Age archaeo- logical sites in the Lesser Antilles were recognized only within the past 20 years, and they are still min- imally researched. The Ceramic Age in the Lesser Antilles began about 500...
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Indigenous Peoples Caribbean Prehistory Curriculum Vol2 JuniorHigh VIHC 1997

...shellfish, game, and wild plant foods. Probably made canoes from tree trunks (as did all later groups). No pottery, probably made use of gourds. Used implements of stone, shell, coral, and bone (as did all later groups), which differ in various parts of the Caribbean. Probably also used wood, basketry, basketry, feathers, and other perishable materials. Made rare decorative beads and ornaments by grinding and carving stone or shell. Used red mineral pigment (red ocher) to color objects or their skin. V.1 area settlements have been found near shorelines and mangroves. V.1 finds are much like some from Puerto Rico. House types are unknown. Language families are uncertain and possibly diverse. 6/ &/, ) g Flaked stone tools, St. Thomas 2. Ceramic Age, Pre-Taino Peoples, AD 200 - 1200 in the V.I. "Pre-Taino" is not any kind of ethnic name, merely a general label for a relative time period. Its usage varies: here, for simplification, it includes all the Ceramic Age prior to the Taino period, but elsewhere it might refer to only a shorter period immediately before Taino development. Archaeologists subdivide this period further because there was change and development within it. Although the details of archaeological...
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Watters Rouse 1989 Environmental Diversity Maritime Adaptations Caribbean BAR S506

...unreliable or limited freshwater sources, increased use of marine resources for subsistence purposes would be one strategy for coping with the environmental constraint. Creation of impoundment areas to ensure adequate water supplies to enhance crop productivity could be another effective adaptive strategy. In either case, the environmental constraint (i.e., limited freshwater resources) is the same but the adaptive strategy in terms of human behavior or response differs. Nature is not the only constraining factor. Each people or local population is further restricted by its culture, that is, by the lifeways inherited from its ancestors. Progressive members of the population devise and promote new ways of coping with the local environment; conservatives struggle to maintain the status quo. The two groups eventually compromise short of the optimal strategies. Each people's decision is also affected by its contacts with neighboring peoples and cultures. It may, for example, decide to trade for scarce resources instead of attempting to obtain them locally, or it may be prevented from doing so by sociopolitical factors. In effect, a people adapts to its human as well as its natural environment (Rouse 1986:165-166, this volume). It is not sufficient, therefore, to study maritime adaptation...
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Pulsipher 1989 Montserrat Hurricane Hugo Impact and Response Study

...1983, Watters 19--), These studies provide :xcellent pre-Hugo data. The efore, immediate post-Hugo studies (Module I) « concentrate on documenting the storm aftermath and on framing hypotheses for further study (modules II, III and IV). Objectives and Methodology: environment 1. Document the post-storm state of the physical environmente- Flora: describe the present state of various plant complexes, including elfin woodland, tropical forests and grasslands, dry coastal zones, mangrove swamps and those portions of these areas that are used by humans for such activities as cultivation, habitation, charcoal making, and recreation. Fauna: describe the present state of island fauna (including endemic and endangered species) found in the various ecozones and of the ways in which human interaction is affecting their condition. o and physical hydrology: describe the changes wrought by the storm and result ant defoliation in the configuration of landforms in highlands and mountain flanks, and along coastal lowlands and shorelines and des criptions of the hydrology of the denuded landforms. — 10 2. Formulate nypctneses for long-term study of the response of tne islanc flora, fauna, landforms and pnysical nydrology to the event of Hugo. The Infrastructure 1. Gather on-site information (personal observation, government reports, interviews...
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Steadman et al 1984 Vertebrates Archaeological Sites Montserrat Annals Carnegie Museum v53 p1-29

...Athens, Georgia 30602. 3 Address: Department of Herpetology, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92112. Submitted 12 September ANNALS OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM southwest of Antigua, 64 km northwest of Guadeloupe, and 24 km southeast of Redonda, and is one of the islands comprising the inner volcanic arc of the northern Lesser Antilles (Fig. 1). Montserrat has an area of 102 km? (39.5 mi?), although the area was often erroneously listed in the past as 32 mi® The island is about 17 km from north to south and 9 km from east to west. Montserrat is a volcanic island with rocky cliffs, limited sandy beach- es, very few mangrove swamps, no significant estuaries, and a relatively narrow insular shelf. It is the sole emergent feature on the Montserrat Bank, and is surrounded for the most part by deep water (Fig. 2). The scattered and sparse patch reefs and seagrass beds on the bank are present mainly to the north, west, and south of the island (ECNAMP, 1980: Map 6). Above water, Montserrat’s landscape is dominated by three major volcanic centers, Silver Hill, Centre Hills, and Soufriére Hills, trending north to south and differing greatly in...
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Coomans 1970 Volksnamen voor Weekdieren Nederlandse Antillen IRF

...echter niet tot de volksnamen van de Nederlandse Antillen gerekend worden. Het zijn algemene be- namingen die destijds in Nederland gebruikt werden voor be- paalde schelpenfamilies. TEENSTRA besluit dat er nog “‘eene legio van andere schelpdieren is, “voor welke ik geen’ naam weet; vooral Bonaire munt in veelheid en schoonheid van schulpen uit” Minder prozaisch is SIMONs (1868, p. 150-151) die alle aan hem bekende planten- en diersoorten van Curagao opsomt, zowel met wetenschappelijke als met locale namen, voor zover bestaand tenminste. Weekdieren met een volksnaam die SIMONS noemt zijn: oester, paloeli, patoeti di vera, tapa conchi, kokolisi di kalkoena koorkoor, en zeekat. Over de mollusken van Sivons’ faunalijst werd reeds eerder door ons gepubliceerd (COOMANS, 1964). BoOEKE (1907, p. 143) geeft in zijn visserijrapport als locale schelpennamen : mangrove-oester, paloeli, tapacontsjie, en kokolies- jie di kalakoena. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1940, P. 89, 102) noemt cocolishi cabritu, of kokoliesjie kabritoe, cocolishi di carné en kokoliesjie die kalakoena. COOMANS (1950) vermeldt apa conchi (p- 6), kokoliesjie di kalakoena en karko (p. 11), karko duru (p. 13) en kiwa (p. 14). Bij DE JoNG & KRISTENSEN (1965) tenslotte zijn Fkiwa (p. 14) en carco (p. 25) genoemd. Al deze auteurs geven slechts enkele...
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Archeoecology Virgin Islands Ecofactual Investigations and Shellfishing Patterns

...sh, from mangrove swamps, from hd-bomed intertidal areas, and from sand grassy flats in the shallow subtidal zone. As a matter of fact, the only major type of habitat not represented to any substantial degree in Niskian shell assemblages is the sandy beach. At the Krum B sites, arks (Arca and Anadara) are very well represented, and I think it is fair to assert, as a general rule, that deposits in which ark shells are especially obtrusive are likely to be preceramic. 9 The reverse, however, is not true: a low ndc of ark shells does not mean very much. We know of at Teast one Niskian site--Cafio Hondo (12VPr2-10), on.-Vieques-- in which ark shells do not bulk large at all1.10 The dominant species at Cafio Hondo is the whelk (Cittanium pica), but that is not a particularly meaningful datum, for it so happens that it, together with the conch (Strombus), was heavily exploited during every stage of the local cultural sequence (and is one of the few species still being exploited). pisregarding the ubiquitous whelk, then, we find that the most outstanding element of the Ccafio Hondo assemblage is the mangrove oyster (Crassostrea hizophonrae)...
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Richardson 1973 Spatial Determinants Rural Livelihood Coastal Guyana ProfGeographer

...rarely over four hundred yards wide, stretch inland to dis- The com- tances of up to seven miles. munity settlements, taken together, re- semble a rural strassendorf linked together by a paved coastal highway paralleling the Atlantic Ocean. (1) These villages are inhabited by Negroes or East Indians, the principal ethnic groups in Guyana’s rural coastlands. THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF A COASTAL SETTLEMENT NETWORK. Early Dutch settlers found the coastal mudflats covered by rainforest and mangrove swamps. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, low-lying estuarine areas near the coast were reclaimed for the purposes 363 —— 64 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER OCAN e cawal SETTLEME NT Public Ro AREA Middle Walk Canal (Irrigation) AGRICULTURA L AREA Sideline Sideline Canol Conal (Drainoge) y (Drainage) 7 PASTURE Figure 2. A Model Diagram of a Typical Village of Coastal Guyana. of producing tropical staples such as cotton, coffee and sugar cane. (2) The labor neces- sary for this reclamation was performed by Negro slaves under the supervision of Dutch planters who had experience with water control. This Dutch territory came under British control in 1814. By the early nineteenth century, planta- tions were being reclaimed from the coastal lands along the Atlantic littoral...
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Thomas 1963 Races of Sphaerodactylus fantasticus Lesser Antilles CaribJSci

...Les Saintes and Dominica (Fig. 2). 6 16 18 o 10 FiG. 2 Map showing range of Sphaerodactylus fantasticus. Montserrat is a small, volcanic inner chain island 11 miles long by seven miles wide at the widest point; it lies 40 miles to the north- west of Guadelope. Guadeloupe is in reality composed of two islands, a western volcanic one (Basse-Terre) and an eastern calcareous one (Grand-Terre); the two are joined by a low-lying isthmus, which is traversed by the mangrove-bordered Riviére Salée. Basse-Terre is approximately 28 miles long by 17 miles wide at the widest point. A chain of volcanic mountains runs the length of Basse-Terre with peaks rising to over 4,000 feet. To the south the Massif de Houelemont (Monts Caraibes) is separated from the main mountain mass by a lower-lying saddle (the Col de Gourbeyre). i e - 376 RICHARD THOMAS Generally, the west coast lacks a distinct coastal plain, the slope from the mountains being rather abrupt. On the other hand, the eastern side of Basse-Terre is more gradually sloping; there are extensive flat areas in the northeast continuous with the isthmus join- ing Grande-Terre and extending...
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Allaire Vers une prehistoire des petites Antilles Centre de recherches caraibes Fond St Jacques Ste Marie Martinique Universite de Montreal

...par un brossage de l'argile encore humide et qui laisse des séries de stries est aussi un trait inconnu aupa- ravant. Parmi les petits objets, on retrouve des haches de pier- re et surtout de ol. De petites fusaloles de cérami- que soulignent 1'importance du travail des fibres textiles. En général les sites de cette période sont associés 3 d'im- portants amas de débris domestiques, surtout constitués de coquillages et d'ossements de poisson ou de petit gibier con- sommé sur place. Ces sites se trouvent de plus en plus 3 proximité de la mer et surtout, comme c'est le cas 3 la Martinique, prés des mangroves et des baies protégées et peu profondes, riches en coquillages et en poissons. Les petites Antilles occidentales, d'Antigua 3 Saba ne semblent pas avoir participé de la méme fagon cette dernié- re phase de la culture saladoide des Antilles. On en retrouve 5 certains léments a Saba dans le complexe Bottom (Josselin de e Jong, 1947) associés a des éléments originaux de décoration telles certaines peintures linéaires en brun ou en rouge sur un fond peint en beige. La platine tripode semble absente de ces les. A Antigua...
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Caron 1996 Post-Columbian Interactions Island Caribs French Legacy Lesser Antilles

...John Mangrove Lagoon, St. Thomas Savan, section of Charlotte Amalie Savana Island, west of St. Thomas Virgin Islands Names of the Flora of Indian Origin Annona family (soursop, custard apple & sugar apple) Avocado Balata (bulletwood) Cacao,cocoa, or chocolate tree Calabash tree Cashew tree Cassava Cassareep Coca bean Coco plum or icaco plum Ginep tree Gobi (fruit of the calabash r) Guava Guavaberry Haiti-haiti shrub Icaco plum or coco plum Kallalloo bush Kinep tree Mahogany Maize Malanga 10 & &G & Gl & Gl G & G &G Mammee apple tree Mampoo tree Mangle or mangrove tree Mangrove or mangle tree Manioc Maubi tree Papaya Potato Roucou or rookoo (achiote or annatto) Sisal Sweet Potato Tobacco Tomato Yucca English Caribbean Faunal Names of Indian Origin Agouti Anole lizard Balahoo Barracuda Caiman Caiman lizard Capybara Cavali Crevalle jack or Kavali Cribishi or Kribishee (crayfish) Gri-gri tree Hurricane bird Hutia Iguana Kavali or Crevalle jack Kribishee or cribishi Manatee or sea cow Manicou Mampee or mampi Schubally Touloulou crab 11 - & G O & G Words from Central & South American Indians Barbecue Buccaneer Canary or conary Canoe Caret turtle Cay Conary or canary Hammock Hurricane Jan kallalloo Maubi beer Pirogue Savanna Jackass kallalloo or jackokallalloo & Gl...
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Gable Gentile Aubrey 1989 Global Environmental Change Sea Level Rise Coastal Caribbean CCA Workshop

...Sciences, No. 16. Kunstadter, Peter, 1986. Socio-Economic and D Sciences, No. 16. Kunstadter, Peter, 1986. Socio-Economic and D Pp. 1-10 in Man in the Mangrov emographic Aspects of Mangrove Settlements. in Mangrove Forests, Kunstadt €r, es: The Socio-Economic Situation of Human Settlements Lave, Lester B., 1988. The Greenhouse E P., Bird, E.C.F. and Sabhasri, S. (eds.). ffect: What €r, Lave, Lester B., 1988. The Greenhouse E P., Bird, E.C.F. and Sabhasri, S. (eds.). ffect: What Government Actions are Needed? Journal of Policy Analysis and Manageme nt, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 460-470. Lawrence, Miles B., 1989. Return of th Hurricanes. pp. Lawrence, Miles B., 1989. Return of th 22-27. ¢ Hurricanes. Wearherwise-AMS, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. McElroy, Michael B., 1989. The Challen of Global McElroy, Michael B., 1989. The Challen ge of Global Change. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 25-38. The Bulletin of the American Myers, Norman, 1988. Tropical Deforestation pp. Myers, Norman, 1988. Tropical Deforestation an Conservation, d Climatic Change. Environmental Mitchell, J.F.B., 1989. Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 293-298. The “Greenhouse” Effect Mitchell, J.F.B., 1989...
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Gable Gentile Aubrey 1989 Global Environmental Change Sea Level Rise Caribbean

...of U. (ed: s.), Lecture Notes in Ear th Sciences, No. 16. Kunstadter, Peter, 1986. Socio-Econ omic and Demograph Pp. 1-10 in Man in the Mangr oves: The Socio-Eco ic Aspects of Mangrove Settlements. nomic Situation of Human Settlements in Mangrove Forests, Kunstadter, P., Bird, E.C.F. and Sabhasri, S. (eds.). Lave, Lester B., 1988. The Greenhouse Effect: What Gov P., Bird, E.C.F. and Sabhasri, S. (eds.). Lave, Lester B., 1988. The Greenhouse Effect: What Gov ernment Actions are Needed? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 460-470. Lawrence, Miles B., 1989. Return of the Hurricanes. W. 7, No. 3, pp. 460-470. Lawrence, Miles B., 1989. Return of the Hurricanes. W. 22-27. eatherwise-AMS, Vol. 42, No. 1, Pp- McElroy, Michael B., 1989. The Chal lenge of Global McElroy, Michael B., 1989. The Chal lenge of Global Change. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 25-38. The Bulletin of the American Myers, Norman, 1988. Tropical Deforestation and Cli 5, pp. 25-38. Myers, Norman, 1988. Tropical Deforestation and Cli Conservation, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 293-298. matic Change. Environmental Mitchell, J.F...
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Reid Trexler 1991 Climate Change US Coastal Biodiversity WRI IRF

...Hurricane Donna killed over 40,000 ha of mangroves in south Florida in 1960 (Craighead and Gilbert 1962). The intense rainfall of hurricanes also affects ecosystems by washing tremendous amounts of or- ganic matter into estuarine waters from freshwater and coastal marshes. Large-scale fish die-offs fol- lowing the passage of hurricanes have been at- tributed to oxygen depletion caused by decompos- ing organic matter that was washed into the estuary. The frequency of extreme temperatures may also influence the species composition of coastal ecosystems, as for example, infrequent severe winter freezes in Florida Bay limit the de- velopment of coral reefs along the Florida Keys (Jaap 1984). Major disturbances are already relatively fre- quent in coastal wetlands. Wind tides 1.5 meters above normal (generally associated with tropical storms or hurricanes) occur approximately every eight years in Louisiana delta marshes and account for major episodes of sedimentation (Gosselink 1984). In south Florida, coastal habitats experience hurricanes at regular intervals of about three to five years (Meeder and Meeder 1989). Any change in this disturbance regime may alter coastal com- munity composition. 32 IV. PUBLIC POLICY AND THE CONSERVATION OF COASTAL BIODIVERSITY Coastal ecosystems are vitally important to the...
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CEP Technical Report 3 1989 UNEP Implications Climatic Changes Wider Caribbean Maul

...Caribbean Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme A it | f thi ther I tions i NEP’ n Environment Pr ramm n from Regional Co-ordinating Unit Caribbean Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme 14-20 Port Royal Street Kingston Jamaica Telephone: (1-809) 922-9267 to 9 Telex: 3672 UNEPCAR JA Telefax: (1-809) 922-9292 Electronic Mail: UNIENET: UNX040 & ECONET: UNEPRCUJA Implications of Climatic Changes ... TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES (iti) LIST OF TABLES (i INTRODUCTION TERMS OF REFERENCE - Temperature Rise of 1.5 © by 2025 - Sea Level Rise of 20 cm by 2025 [= ) EFFECTS OF SEA LEVEL CHANGES ON COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS - Deltas - Estuaries - Wetlands - Coastal Plains - Coral Reefs - Mangroves 10 - Seagrass Beds - Fisheries 10 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ELEVATIONS ON ECOSTMS 10 - Agricultural Resources l 11 - Fisheries - Coastal Systems 11 POSSIBLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES 12 - Agriculture and Forestry 12 - Fisheries and Coastal Zones 13 - Tourism 13 - Settlement and Structures 13 13 - Public Health Page i CEP Technical Report No. 3 Page MOST VULNERABLE AREAS OR SYSTEMS 14 - Physical Proceses 14 - Ecological Aspects 16 - Socio-Economic Issues 16 - Synthesis 16 MODELS OF FUTURE CLIMATE 17 CONCLUSION 20 REFERENCES 21 Page ii Implications of Climatic Changes ....
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Tiempo Issue8 1993 Desertification FloodActionPlan Wetlands SelfHelp GlobalWarming

...is a tradition of education, and together a field guide book covering, | think, 57 species of a recognition of its importance, and so there are more skilled mangrove. This document is not a taxonomic guide. Basically, it's people available locally than you would find in other parts of the like one of those guides for birds with colour pictures. He gives a developing world. The level of expertise is high. What we want to colour picture of the tree, a close-up photo of the flower and of the do is let these people run the show and just look over their fruit and a short description, making identification easy. This is shoulders to see that they are going in the right direction. again something that is going to be very useful and IUCN is funding IUCN does provide assistance with fundraising for projects that translation and publication costs. governments in the region want to undertake and that IUCN thinks The guide will cover rimarily the whole of Southeast Asia but are necessary for the conservation of natural resources. We try and then South Asia, the su b continent, has some additional species. solicit funds from the donors...
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Ragster CSA PresidentialAddress SustainableDevelopment Caribbean 1996

...countries - high fossil fuel consumption and production of greenhouse gases, as well as those of undeveloped countries - short-term economic and social gains from the use of natural capital for income and foreign exchange earnings. The following statement is an assessment made by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC) that was shared at the 1993 Regional Technical Meeting for the Atlantic /Caribbean/ Mediterranean (region) preparatory to the Global Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Islands Developing States: “The region remains dependent on the exploitation of its renewable and non-renewable resources for its economic and social development. Agriculture, tourism and mining remain critical in terms of employment, foreign exchange earnings and contributions to government revenue. To maintain the productivity of the renewable resources on which agriculture and tourism depend is therefore of crucial importance to the long-term future of Caribbean economies.” The natural resource base of the (mostly renewable resources) insular Caribbean includes ecosystems that are familiar to most people: + Testl systems - tropical forests to coastal scrub L - salt Coastal systems mangrove lagoons and forests, ponds, estuaries, beaches ¢ Marine systems - seagrass beds, coral reefs, algal plains er system mentioned is utilized by...
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1994 UN Global Conference SIDS Barbados Declaration Programme of Action

...of ocean — one sixth of the earth’s surface — proper management would have global benefits and help stem the decline of fish supplies worldwide. Cooperative agreements between small islands and foreign fishing groups are encouraged. Freshwater and Land Resources. The need to safeguard watershed areas and other sources of groundwater are highlighted, to address the problem of limited quantity of freshwater available on small islands. Proposals focus on the need for land management plans which dovetail with existing plans and policies. Appropriate systems of land tenure are encouraged. Energy. The Programme emphasises energy conservation and development of renewable energy sources to rectify the dependence of small islands on imported fossil fuels. Tourism. The Programme views tourism as an opportunity for economic development in small islands which must be integrated with environmental and cultural concerns. FINANCING AND FCLLOW-UP Many islands, represented by the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), expressed disappointment at the lack of specific financial commitments made by donor countries at the Conference. Other island leaders, however, noted that the Conference had strengthened ties among the 41 AOSIS members and focused world attention on their special vulnerabilities and problems. No estimate is given for the financial resources needed...
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Tiempo Issue9 1993 Desertification Climate Mangroves Training INCD

...billion) of the world's population in only 23% of the world’s land area. I most countries, a high percentage of the people are located in coastal areas, with many in major cities. Expanding population and rapid coastal development are placing ever-increasing stress on coastal environments and resources. This is resulting in habitat destruction, coastal pollution and decreased productivity of mangrove, coral reef and other coastal ecosystems. For example, the current 200,000 hectare of salt-making fields along the coast of China is expected to double by the end of this century, leading to even further significant losses of tidal flats and wetlands. The need to accommodate coastal development while protecting valuable habitats and resources necessitates an integrated approach to coastal zone management, promoting complementary multiple use and conservation along with natural hazard and disaster preparedness and response planning. Today’s training programmes need to focus less coastal d on control strategies and more on prevention of radation. At the same time, traditional biophysical and technical orientations must be balanced with consideration of social, economic, cultural, political and legal concerns. This is the priority for the development of curriculum and supporting instructional materials in the Thematic Network...
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CDB Caribbean Regional Workshop Sustainable Development Indicators Report 1998

...species mortality or algae concentrations prevalence of water-borne diseases gross withdrawals by type of source; as percentage of total water renewals and total reserves demand by type of consumer (e.g. commercial, domestic, agricultural, tourism), p.c. charges (cost recovery); metering; water conservation measures R BEACHES total length of beaches eroding and accreting, by type of location proportion of coastline which is developed & beach encroachment, % area/width b expenditure on beach renewal/replenishment MARINE OR FRESHWATER SPECIES landings or catch (by species) per unit of fishing effort (e.g. boats; trips; people) real prices of local fish or other species alternative aquaculture fisheries production MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (E.G. CORAL REEFS, SEAGRASS BEDS, MANGROVES) extent, annual loss (no. of sites and area); quality variable changes t local species (e.g. reef fish) populations = R area of marine parks as percentage of EEZ APPENDIX 3 ‘Revised Set of Indicators’, p.6 of 12 &l SL WATER QUALITY | measured levels of pollution at monitoring sites; I or signs of pollution, e.g. species mortality, algae or plankton concentrations estimated discharges into coastal waters OTHER COASTAL ZONE FACTORS trend in mean sea level population growth in coastal areas (especially flood-prone...
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EnvironmentalPlanningIssues 08 1995 SmallIslandStates SustainableDevelopment Bass DalalClayton

...inter alia, formulating and implementing policies, strategies and programmes that take into account development, health and environmental goals, strengthening national institutions, and mobilizing all available resources, all of which are aimed at improving the quality of life" (UN 1994). Neither Agenda 21, nor the small islands conference, gave specific guidelines on how to prepare the national strategies which they espoused so centrall y. However, during the last 15 years, many countries have developed various forms of comprehensive national strategies and plans which aim, to greater or lesser extents, to integrate environmental and developmental objectives. These include conservation strategies, environmental action plans, green plans, forestry action plans, etc. From this wide body of experience, many lessons can be drawn which suggest how a process to undertake an NSDS, as advocated by Agenda 21, might be approached. In a recent two-year study, ITED and IUCN examined the experiences of over 100 countries in developing and implementing various forms of strategy, leading to the publication of a handbook on strategy preparation and implementation (Carew-Reid er al. 1994). 1 Opening statement to the UN Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. Barbados, 26 April - 6 May 1994. 1...
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CarlyleL SmallIslandEconomies EnvironmentGrowth OECS CaribbeanConference 1990

...and indeed other nation states in the world. Although this thesis is generally accepted, there are continuing practices which indicate To address the wide divergences between acceptance and reality. topic of environment and growth within the context of small island states of the Organisation ot Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) the paper will deal with the following: The economic and environmental of small ht island states; The theoretical economic and the foundation, growth environments; Enml Issues and Management Froblems of the OECS; and Strategy and policy implications for OECS Member States. 1. This paper is ibased on an extension of a previous paper entitled: the Environment: A Case for Small "Economics | and Island States" which |was presented at the Caribbean Conservation Association Conference on Economics and the Environment, 1989. Eridgetown, Barbados, November &-8, o E conomic_and_Envir 1201 e ntal Characteristics _of_Small atl tatl 2 gr 2228 Island ) tates Small island states are characterized by both a more sencsitive economic system and nvnmn than larger states. Both of these are related. the closely From an economic standpoint, disadvantages of size are limited market due to relatively small population, a less diversified economic structure and a greater dependence on...
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Kosrae Pacific Islands Sustainable Development Study Colby 1993

...Harvesting rates of renewable resources should not exceed regeneration rates. Non-renewable resources should not be used for extended periods at a rate greater than the creation of renewable substitutes. Native species should be preferred over the management of non- native, exotic species. The most value should be sought from a resource before it leaves the region, rather than exporting raw materials to be processed elsewhere. Technological progress should increase biophysical as well as economic efficiency in producing a product, rather than simply resulting in increasing the quantity of resources used. The highest possible standards of energy efficiency should be used. Waste emissions should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the ecosystem. 2 Modified slightly from Ecotrust, a Portland, Oregon-based non-governmental organization dedicated to the promotion of conservation and sustainable development in the coastal temperate rainforest biomes of the world. Discussions of the Economic sub-system often center on sustaining economic growth, particul arly in places with relatively low per-capita incomes. Unfortunately, these discussions have tended to ignore or misunderstand the relationship between economi ¢ growth and its ecological and social impacts. have tended to suffer from a lack of clarity about Furthermore, such discussions what is...
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Virgin Islands Hazard Mitigation Plan IRF VITEMA 1995

...and flooding. A major culprit identified in the CH2M Hill study is the installation of inadequate culverts when roads cross guts. Undersized culverts reduce natural flow and cause overtopping of roads and gut banks causing flooding of adjacent properties (as the flood waters do not return to the natural gut) While larger culverts may be more costly in the short-run. in the long run they may save money since they will reduce flood damages and prevent the need to later replace undersized culverts. Other recommended design features include the use of guard rails instead of solid walls on top of road culverts. and using gutters and headwalls to divert flood overflows back into drainage channels (CH2M Hill 1979- see also CH2M Hill 1983). Guts are also modified through the construction of impoundments for water conservation. A key conclusion of the CH2M Hill study is that such modifications are made with little consideration of the exacerbate an already dangerous condition. larger hydraulic characteristics of the flood plain and may The 1979 CH2M Hill study carefully examined the structural solutions available to correct the past mistakes of building on guts. installing undersized culverts. and so on. In the St. Croix basins...
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Vulnerability Assessment Accelerated Sea Level Rise Majuro Atoll Marshall Islands NOAA IPCC SPREP 1992

...in Marshall Islands waters. g Special ecological areas Whiles there are no "special ecological areas" such as national parks or nature reserves in the Marshall Islands, many areas deserve consideration. There is international conservation interest in several northern atolls due to their nesting seabird and marine turtle populations. 3.12 Majuro Atoll Majuro Atoll generally represents the typical atoll natural systems described for the Marshall Islands as a whole. This includes typical geomorphology, soil and hydrologic conditions. Majuro has terrestrial flora and fauna typical of the Marshall Islands and atolls in general. These have been much disturbed by the high level of human habitation and development in parts of the island. There are no major seabird breeding colonies on Majuro although seabird sites exist along the islets to the north. The marine flora and fauna of Majuro Atoll are generally typical. A total of 146 species of corals from 50 genmera and sub-general have been recorded at the atoll. There is little mangrove at Majuro. While many turtles frequent the area, there are no major marine turtle nesting or breeding areas at Majuro Atoll. The Coastal Resource Atlas indicates there is a marine park along the lagoon side of...
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Ratter 1996 Resource Management Caribbean Eco-Eco-Approach

...produces a huge amount of garbage. There is no concept for solving the problem of waste disposal. The only way to deal with it is to burn the garbage on the — o Figure 2: Providenciales - Tourist Infrastructure West Point b Fig.2: Providenciales: Tourist Infrastructure = Road | | Hotel © Diving = Track ° v Excursions _ @ Restaurants P Golf Course - National Park = Wetlands ® Car Rental * Conch Farm l \ & Boat Charters Donna” = @ Airport Cay ‘Source: Turks and Caicos Sightseeing Mapet al. Cartography: K Reich 1995 Leeward Marina Weeland ‘Mangrove % = Cay < P Patch / & ¥ Grace Pigeon P Blue Hill P < urtie Princess A | b o8 € g The Bight Dc Mo A Downtown ([Discd {Casino] ~ Long Bay - o0 [ Juba Point % _ (] = - &) &) 67 Chalk < Sound = <5 ) Proggin Bay _iddle Cay Sapodilla Bay South Dock 5 km yoeo1ddy-00-00 oY) :ueaqqiIe) Ay u saueyD JUWURIA 20IN0SY €T 24 Ratter only existing and unprotected landfill which is also not sealed at the bottom. There are no facilities for recycling materials or for incin- erating less toxic substances. There is also lit- tle concern about the damage the landfill, based on limestone can cause...
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Government Expert Review Chapter9 Small Island States Regional Impacts Climate Change

...The use of more flexible, easily replaceable, traditional shore protection measures could be explored particularly in the Pacific and Island Ocean Island states. 12) On the low-lying islands and atolls retreat awa y from the coast is not an option, given the limited physical size of many islands, be considered. so that in extreme cases migration and resettlement outside of national boundaries may have to — I & = G > 13) Attempts to enhance the health and resilience of natural ecosystems including coral refs, mangroves and beaches by reducing activities that increase their vulnerability, would be a vital strategy for reducing the impact of climate change and sea level rise. 3 =3 I} 9.1 Introduction: General Characteristics of Small Islands 8 t N & & 8 8 2 This chapter concerns itself principally with independent small island states, and therefore does not focus on those small islands that are more appropriately considered as part of another region (e.g. Singapore in Tropical Monsoon Asia; Bahrain in Arid Asia and the Middle East), as we 11 as the many islands whi ch constitute part of a larger country (e.g. the thousands of small islands of Indonesia) or those that are administered...
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TIEMPO Issue3 1991-11 CentralAmerica UNCED GATT Africa WRI China GlobalWarming ThirdWorld

...of over 115 million. As the events of early 1991 tragically demonstrated, flooding poses a serious threat to the people of this nation even today. This risk may soon be compounded by climate change. Amongst the major impacts of a Im rise in sea level that have been identified by the study are that: . over 13 million people could be displaced; . more than 17% of the total land area would be totally inundated; some 85 cities and towns, over 800km of roads and a major port would be invaded; Sunderbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest, will be threatened with extinction; over three million acres of agricultural land - over 20% of the nation’s rice land —may be lost; millions of dollars of export earnings from shrimp farming are at risk; and ¢ global warming may result in greater melting of Himalayan ice, further increasing the threat of flooding. BCAS assessed the cost of abatement measures designed to give minimum protection against the 1m sea level rise. Amounting to an estimated cost of over US$1 billion, these measures would require the embankment of 715km of island coast, 370km of mainland coast and 7,600km of river banks. To be effective...
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Bass 1993 Ecology Economics Small Islands Sustainable Development Framework

...areas of biological endemism, and island ecosystems commonly exhibit hi gh species richness. Yet some of the factors which render islands of ecolo gical significance also leave them susceptible to external influences. Island systems’ when in fact they s are often incorrectly exemplified as ‘closed are often very far from this; and they are becoming increasin gly ope every day. Small islands are P articularly vul- nerable to coastal a nd marine influences. The survival The survival needs of the densely- -packed human populations (which often depend upon imported biol ogical diversity such as cattle, goats and annualcrops, and engagein envi ronmentally-damaging occupations) have for long overridden longer- term concerns such as the conservation of indigenous biological diversi ty. It is not therefore surprising that most of the recorded species losses of f the last few centuries have been in tropical islands. Many species became extinct shortly after colonial conquest, with the introduction of colonial crops, livestock and their attendant and diseases (Crosby, 1986). Man panoply of pests y of the island species that remain have lost their competitive ability, and whole island ecosystems are vulnerable to collapse if exceptionally in vasive species are introduced. There are one hundred...
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UN A CONF 167 PC 10 1993 Sustainable Development SIDS Report of SG

...in their rich coastal and marine ecosystems. The western Pacific, for instance, is known to have the highest marine biodiversity in the world with up to 3,000 different The many thousands of islands are surrounded by a species on one single reef. rich complex of coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, ea grass beds and On account of the small size of islands and the endemic estuarine lagoons. nature of many of their genetic species, their biodiversity is extremely fragile. Minor anthropogenic disturbances that may have little or no impact on the biodiversity of continental countries have severe adverse impacts on that of small island countries. Fragility and endemicity are the two major characteristics of small islands’ biodiversity that warrant urgent conservation measures. These are called for in view of the fact that island biodiversity is coming increasingly under the threat of depletion from increasing deforestation and the use of deforested land for modern agriculture, and from coastal and marine pollution in small island countries. (} External transport constraints 59. Most SIDS suffer from the disadvantages of high external transport costs. A number of them are located far off the main sea and air routes, and this results in an automatic increase...
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Hulm 1989 Climate of Crisis Global Warming Island South Pacific ASPEI UNEP SPREP

...have a major impact on species and conservation Most vulnerable are likely to be the so-called K-adapted species, which rely on nurturing a few offspring rather than producing many to ensure survival. Birds and mammals are among these threatened groups. But Papua New Guinea will find its inland wetlands increasing as the Fly, Sepik- Ramu, Vanapa and Musa basins become wetter. The region’s biggest estuaries and coastal deltas are backed mainly by relatively flat coastal plains. Sea level 15 rise may push back the coast extensively, cutting into the habitat for species such as crocodiles and turtles, whose conservation is already worrying scientists. Flooding may also reduce the populations of saltwater crocodiles by flooding nests and eggs during the breeding season. Dramatic changes of vegetation are expected in coastal plains, particularly with regard to mangroves, the nursery grounds for many marine species of fish and prawns. John Pernetta and Patrick Osborne suggest that the zones between land and sea are likely to be compressed, reducing not only habitats but also important species for commercial and subsistence harvests. The Gulf of Papua has some of the most extensive stands of largely unexploited mangrove forest left in the world...
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Farnsworth Ellison 1997 Global Conservation Status of Mangroves Ambio v26n6 pp327-334

...to mangroves. Many of the problems we identify have emerged relatively re- cently, within the memories of our colleagues. Likewise, “suc- cess stories” in apparently sustainable mangrove use exist, and can provide the foundation for future management decisions (4, 22, 61). The time is ripe and critical for practical and direct re- form at both local and national levels, and thousands of pages of scientific literature already exist to inform this process (over 2500 in the references to this paper alone). Yet, distribution of this literature among managers, government personnel, and sci- entists with whom we spoke was limited, due to both a paucity of academic libraries and a lack of communication among in- ternational researchers and in-country constituencies. We were told that data from local field studies, collected by foreign agen- cies and personnel, were not made readily available to local bi- ologists, especially in South America and some Pacific islands. Likewise, minimal international discourse occurs among biolo- gists in developing countries who lack resources to participate in workshops and conferences. We encourage researchers to ‘publish globally but disseminate locally lest their findings re- main unused by professional and unpaid land managers who need them most. Conservation biologists...
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