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Yang Miyake Economic Feasibility Hybrid Solar Biogas Food Dryer 1984 SolarBiomassWorkshop

...electrical heat. This is because: (1) digesters are a major part of the fixed cost in a solar- X 19 biogas system; (2) it requires more land to accommodate 710 digesters. Another assumption not mentioned is that the additional papaya wastes are obtained free beside those from making the dried slices. Subject to further refinement of these estimates and calculations, the solar-biogas dryer appears economically feasible especially if built for a cottage industry. SUMMARY Experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility of producing adequate quantity of biogas (50-62% methane) from processed papaya wastes in multiple anaerobic digesters. A pilot biogas collection, storage and combustion system augmented solar energy and allowed continuous drying of papaya slices to 5% final moisture in a total of 11-16 hrs. Assuming an annual throughput of 250,000 kg of dried papaya, a comparison of fixed and variable costs showed that a solar dryer is the least expensive at $3.08/kg dried fruit; a solar-biogas dryer is second at $3.41/kg in an urbanized setting (with automatic control of biogas collection, storage, ignition and drying tem erature), or at $3.20/kg in a cottage industry setting (manual control , and an...

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Moy Handbook Solar Food Drying Hawaii 1983

...related information. This booklet obviously will not be of value or interest to everyone; it is for those who have the skills, and the enthusiasm, to become more self-reliant. Each citizen who is able to develop such self-reliance gains a little more economic freedom and helps our Islands to become economically stronger. We are grateful to all who have contributed to this useful project, and hope that it will provide its value in the years to come. Preface The use of renewable, indigenous, essentially inexhaustible energy resources to replace imported petro- leum is one of Hawaii’s major goals for the next few decades. This has meant a great number of projects, some very large in concept, others quite modest in scope. For example, Hawaii probably leads the nation in the per capita use of solar water heating systems, with close to 20,000 now installed. This means a savings of about 140,000 barrels of oil each year. But there is a role for small-scale energy projects as well. Every little bit helps. This new booklet, A Hand- book for Solar Food-Drying, is intended for residents in Hawaii who have available quantities of fruit, fish...

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Caribbean Development Bank 1981 Biogas for the Caribbean Annotated Bibliography

...and renewable energy resources for the designing, testing, adapting and disseminating of alternative energy technologies. A Technology and Energy Unit (TEU) has been established at CDB in part to provide an information clearing house in the region for exchanging and disseminating technical information concerning ernv energy application. This bibliography, 'Biogas for the Caribbean', is a review of recent information on biogas production as an energy source. It is meant to provide an introduction to useful data, publications and examples of technology likely to be of use in evaluating the feasibility of producing and using biogas as an energy source in the Caribbean. Energy Trends Since petroleum prices began their rapid rise in 1973, importing nations have initiated adjustments including conservation of use, increasing the efficiency of equipment and development of renewable sources of energy. The Caribbean nations, as petroleum importers, can pursue all these adjustments and are particularly blessed with excellent supplies of renewable sources of energy, solar radiation, wind power, hydro power and growth of biomass. Biomass is any organic matter which is available on a renewable basis (agricultural crops and agricultural wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes and municipal wastes) which may be converted into fuel energy...

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Siemers 1988 Energy Consumption Bakery Sector StVincent Grenadines

...a national capability in improved aven designs and construction. S (iii) on the possi- It is recoaended instead, that information a in baking be distributed and bilities of reducing wood consumption the dissemination of scheme set up within a regional frasework for improved ovens. TOTAL NATIONAL BIDMASS CONSUMPTION vS DEMAND FOR BAKING (Thousands) . Blomos Boking 7] Tore ol equivalent (iv) Breakdown of Flour Consumption Wood (9.7%) LPG (17.3K) Diese! (73.0%) Breakdown of Energy Consumption Oiewel (20.2%) LPG (11.0%) Wood (68.6) - == S — 1. INTRODUCTION pLAL L LU RE LY = = R R the 1.01 At the beginning of 19B6 a technical assistance programae, Caribbean German Contribution to REAP (CR), was established at the Barbados. ‘The programme is financed by the Developsent Bank (CDB), and Governent of the Federal Republic of Germany through GTZ/BATE and CDB. It aims at disseminating renewable energy technologies in Commonwealth the fields of biogas, biomass and mini hydropower in the Caribbean. or 1.02 Inter alia, the biomass coaponent looks at the existing of fuelwood and charcoal in households and proposed utilisation consuaption industry. Investigations have been started into the wood of bakeries in three countries - Dominica...

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Haydock 1987 Report on Orange Hill Development Project StVincent OAS

...furniture and equipment and at least one (1) tractor. Settlement for these items is to be arranged later, but it is expected that this will become part of the Government input into the project. The three (3) copra ovens have been repaired and are operating more efficiently However, there are only two (2) diesel burners to provide heat for these three ovens. Financial constraints have so far prevented the purchase of three (3) new burners to increase the production of copra, but this should be done as soon as available funds permit. A report has been submitted to the OAS regarding the feasibility of heating these ovens by burning coconut shells - this method would provide quite substantial savings in the cost of diesel fuel, but the capital expenditure required would be quite high. The CDB/GTZ renewable energy team has proposed recycling of heat for copra drying. The galvanised sheeting of the main operations area of the Agro-Plant has been replaced, a ceiling established below and the floor has been tiled. A water tank and storage area have been added to the building. The crops that can be processed - e.g. citrus, passion fruit, mangoes, sorrel, nutmeg skins, etc...

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ECA 1993 Appraisal Monitoring Evaluation Biotechnology Agricultural Development Africa

...magnitude of the food production challenges which African agriculture faces in the 1990s and beyond and substantiate the need and urgency for major improvements in farm productivity. Agricultural research would have to transform African agriculture to feed the growing populations by making use of the new technology to increase production as well as increase exports for foreign exchange, supply inputs for agro-industries provide more employment and raise incomes in the rural areas. Of similar challenge is for such technology to be environmentally sustainable and economically viable. S Indeed, such technology is being recognized and emphasized as new and emerging technologies (NET), comprising innovative developments and applications in microelectronics, biotechnology, new materials, renewable energy technologies and other related fields; NET are having major and far-reaching impact on all economies, including those of African countries. These technological developments would bring about significant changes in terms of efficient production of goods and services which could lead to expanded markets. 6 In this connection, the capacity of Africa to appraise, adapt to and monitor these new technologies particularly biotechnology which has direct impact on agricultural development, depends on institutional and policy flexibility, skilled manpower, cooperation in real partnership and related management systems...

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Biotechna-Graesser Biocoil Microalgae Technology and Markets Company Profile

...of agricultural land is no longer increasing as rapidly as it did 30 years ago. Carbon Dioxide Mitigation and Biomass Fuels Background: Carbon dioxide is a waste product from industrial combustion of fossil fuels, and is a prime cause of global warming. The primary contributors of carbon dioxide waste are power stations, which in the United States produce more than 30% of the total. Geo- political forces to limit carbon dioxide production are in- creasing. The Market: Biotechna-Graesser Ltd sees two mar- kets for its product: environmental mitigation technology and alternative energy. Legislative action and consumer preferences over the next decade will provide incentives for industry to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide. At the same time. the development of renewable energy sources will continue. Biotechna-Graesser Ltd Product: Micro algae cul- tivated in the Biocoil Photobioreactor provide the most effective biological means known to remove carbon diox- ide from the atmosphere. At the same time, the biomass they produce can be used as fuel. Micro algae can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 25 times faster than the fastest-growing trees. In the Biocoil Photobioreactor, carbon dioxide is removed from stack gases before it even enters the atmosphere...

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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...let alone sustained, by countries with far more resources than the low income countries.” The fact, therefore, that you, the planners and participants of this seminar, will be spending your mental energies by sharing research and development experiences and ideas on the potential for food production in a water-based environment is of significance to the world. Even though aquaculture techniques evolved in the Near Eastern and Chinese societies more than two thousand years ago, it would seem that research and development work over the past decade has made it a clearly recognised source of food on a global basis. The Chinese seem to have a finely tuned system of ecological accommodation with their six varieties of Chinese carp in a single pond; a surface feeder, mid-water dwellers with different food preferences and finally three types of bottom dwellers which take care of the pollution from the top. If crudely constructed production ponds in coastal wetland areas in South-east Asia can be stocked with baby fish from adjoining ponds and produce over 1,000 Ibs/ha allowing for maturity in 6-12 months, then we must begin to make some serious comparisons with protein produc- tion from livestock...

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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...identify the major contours of structural disequilibrium that surround the interaction between a relatively large, dynamic, open tourist economy and a relatively small-scale and fragile rural sector. Such persistent discrepancies in income, employment, and growth, along with other natural and institutional constraints, have been largely responsible for the Toss of agricultural and other renewable uses in the past. In the absence of strong policy intervention, these same discrepancies will 1ikely be the primary source of irreversible declines in the future. The Fragile Ecology Planning sustainable agriculture in small islands is severely constrained by the delicate balance of interlocking terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Resource fertility and productivity are sustained by the joint interaction of two protective buffering systems: the freshwater buffer from the mountain highlands and the seawater or wave energy buffer (OTA, 1987). In the first case, root systems of highland forests retain soil and slow freshwater runoff for recharging streams and ground water aquifers. Forest canopy and ground vegetation replenish nutrients -- providing shade and cool soil for the natural decay of organic matter = - to the downstream ecosystems: savannah croplands, marshes, and In turn these low-lying systems further trap moisture and sediment mangroves. to preserve the clarify...

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1991 WorldBank STP Agricultural Privatization Smallholder Development StaffAppraisalReport

...kg per ha.12/ A substantial area is also covered with coconut trees yielding less than 200 kg of copra annually per ha. Only 50 ha of coffee are in production, but some new oil palm plantations have begun to produce at Rebeira Peixe, and many estates produce commercial timber to augment their revenue. Production in the estate sector has declined more than 50% since 1980. The main reasons for this decline are: (a) the old age of the cocoa trees; (b) the lack of labor discipline, short working days, high absenteeism and decreasing labor productivity under State management; and (c) the lack of the financial resources for plantation renewal. 37 The estates also play a very important social role: they provide housing, distribute World Food Program (WFP) food, organize kindergartens and schools, and provide medical assistance for the aborers. Many workers were born on the-estates and their families have lived there for generations. Entire villages have been established on the estates, and religious buildings have been erected. The estate sector employs some 10,000 people (including occasional workers), and about 50% of the island’s population lives on the estates. The estates have also a considerable historical value...

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Demas 1987 Agricultural Diversification Caribbean Community CDB Statement

...of large-scale production, etc. On the other hand, these problems can in part be overcome by a system of the from the ontract buying by processing plant producers of the raw material, the use of means other than canning for preserving the product, such as ascep- tic packaging, vacuum packaging, tetra-packing, dehy- dration of fruit - not to mention short-term forms of preservation such as chilling and freezing of milk, eat and fish products and concentrate fruit juices - even though chilling and freezing may entail heavy energy costs. ove in order to cope with seasonality, irregularity and low volumes of production of the aw materials, the processing plants should be capable of processing more than one kind of product - that is, they should be "multi-purpose" plants. Alternatively, in order to secure large volumes regularly supplied, the processing plant may have to seek "backward verti- cal integration" through' the establishment under high level management of large commercial farms. \)) Utilisation of Underutilised Resources because of A diversified agricultural sector, the inherent instability of agricultural output and the of agricultural technology, location-specific nature almost by definition leads to a better utilisation of a country's resources. Inter-planting of...

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StKitts Nevis Land Use Plan Pragmacorp RLA-82-004 Aug1984

...5 appliied manually, (= o} o » D7 G not evenly ] 1ments on natrient e I} D (814 3w ap (o2} Small cyclone at P 22 3 = ] O N o a wall (= be acq uired at a Very = 2ra te, durable, i VE n v a 2pply i Wl o do not dis c Workers 9 < th £ Fertiliger ince TW cre an . plication ) = ly a erage six te hectares Y .4 pping Patt & is 2 v L& U 1 pro 4 23 or T [>} ocod fiber £ Food a €r re renewable S a Er O @ I i HE H 9r £ what 1s h X 194 ces th 3e ren [ 1 DT M e resoures ry S 1 essentially n O ewable, n . d 1 ec U] m ciude i n al! nyg

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ICLARM AnnualReport1998 Partnerships FishFarming Aquaculture ResearchHighlights

...17 daily meal of thousands of undernourished children around the world. Knowledge is essential to create conditions and incentives for channeling resources into harnessing the potential of aquatic resources to increase the supply of food in the future. As world population grows, science must continue to find new ways to expand the availability of afford- able food while protecting the resource base from which it is produced. Only if more and more people come to understand this need will it be possible to convince them of the need to put resources into this effort as the social consequences of neglect are likely to be global - in terms of peace, prosperity, health and environmen- tal renewal — for the rich and poor alike. ICLARM's Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia has been set up at Abbassa with the support of the Government of Egypt, the Government of Japan, World Bank, USAID and Arab Fund. Photo: Brian Tierney - < - Extending Our Partnerships in Africa ICLARM’s Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia in Egypt officially opened on 25 May 1997. For the first 20 years of its existence, ICLARM'’s focus has been mainly on Asia and some...

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Trinidad and Tobago Country Report The Courier 139 May-June 1993

...asset, but when an economist uses the term the connotations are not likely to be SO positive, particularly if the industry in question is engaged in the exploitation of a non-renewable resource, The word suggests that perhaps the best days are overand that decline is about to set in, if it has not already done so. Oil has been extracted from onshore fields in Trinidad since 1876, making it one of the world’s oldest sources of this vitally important hydrocarbon (the first offshore discoveries were made in 1969). But wells inevitably run dry and while new resources may be found, and new technologies developed to render mar- ginal fields viable, the bounty cannot last forever. In 1981, Trinidad and Tobago had a gross revenue of US$2.3 billion from oil. By 1992, through a combination of lower production and red uced prices, the fi gure had dropped to USS800 mil- lion. The wider picture, however, is a lot less gloomy than these figures might imply. The country has enormous reserves of 24 natural gas and in the coming years this sub-sector of the energy business is expected to grow substantially, overtak- ing oil in the process. In...

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Albright 1983 Law Amateur Resource Management Alaskan Marine Archeology Workshop

1. THE LAW AND THE AMATEUR IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Alaskan Marine Archeology Workshop May 17-19, 1983 Sitka, lska Alan B. Albright Insditute of Archeology and Anthropology University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Introduction Working with amateurs in the management of a state's underwater archeological resources is a concept, which if used intelligently within the framework of practical considerations, ethical re= quirements, and long-range goals, can pay dividends far in excess of the money, time, and energy expended. When I accepted the position as Underwater Archeologist on the staff of the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology of the University of South Caro- lina in July of 1973, I was given the responsibility of discov- ering, assessing and managing the States underwater archeological resources using as a guideline a law that had been on the books for six years but almost totally ignored by the sport diving on behalf of him- community. The law was written by a lawyer, self, a shrimp boat captain, and a sport diver. Their purpose was to gain legal protection over a Civil War blockade runner What they they had recently discovered and wished to excavate. began, in writing this law, has...

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SeaGrant70s Vol8No3 Mar1978 NauticalArchaeology Bass TAMU

...archaeologists on the researching artifacts, knowing how to do with the ocean.” surface. Most of the sites were not compare them, how to date them, and Keith: ““Underwater archaeology is carefully worked or completed, says what they say; knowing how to re- just that: archaeology which just hap- Bass, and little data ever was pub- construct ships and cargoes and trade The lished. Realizing that the minutely- pens to be done underwater. routes; knowing the history of ports.” goals and energies exerted are the revealing details of a ship in situ Hundley: “Our research makes his- same as one would apply to land sites. would be missed by an untrained eye, tory come alive; we can put real What we're doing is a specialization Bass pioneered the underwater study people with the pieces of things that within that.” of shipwrecks by archaeologists in we find. Last summer on the DE- Shuey: “There is an important dif- 1959-60, when he directed the exca- FENCE project, the most exciting arti- facts were the ones which carried ference about the nautical archaeology vation of a Late Bronze Age vessel specialization, though, because the (ca. 1200 B.C.) off Cape Gelidonya, initials...

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Towle Tyson 1979 Planning Strategy Historical Cultural Resources Lesser Antilles IRF

...resources are man-made. Their significance derives not so much from their place in the natural system, but from the fact that they are the products of the thought, labor, cre- As such, ativity and activity of man over space and time. they help define the human dimension of a particular environ- ment or island ecosystem. These resources include not only material remains such as artifacts, documents, sites and structures, but also living residues such as oral traditions, skills, festivals, music and dance. Collectively these re- sources (essentially non-renewable) comprise the cultural patrimony of a nation and are desperately in need of protec- tion, study and enhancement, for they represent an essential 1o. Marcus Buchanan, "Museums, A Sugar Mill and Preserv- ing Our Heritage," The Bajan, April (1976), 18. 1 For a breakdown and definition of specific Cultural Resources, see Appendix I. Each of these resources is a clue to the mystery of human his- tory and complexity, but considered in isolation of one another, they can do little to unravel that mystery. If we want to better understand ourselves in light of those who came before us, we must consider the evidence holistically. In short, the intricate biotic...

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SHA Newsletter Vol22 No3 Oct1989

...served University of Virginia, and Poplar Forest. as the executive architect for the Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Restoration Project. In addition, Governor Baliles named individuals to serve on the State Board of Historic Resources and the Board of Trustees of the Virginia Historic Preservation foundation were Foundation. Both the Board and the created by the 1989 session of the General Assembly fol- lowing a review of the ongoing need for historic preserva- tion and conservation programs in Virginia. The Board will uide the Department in its work and designate his- toric al ndmarks throughout the Commonwealth. The Foun- dation was established to administer and manage the new Historic Preservation Revolving Fund. Director of Academic Programs: Historic Deerfield, Inc. seeks an accomplished scholar-teacher to develop programs at the college and graduate level to utilize museum and library collections at Historic Deerfield. Ph.D. in American studies or related discipline required, with ability to teach early American history and material culture. Three-year, renewable appointment commencing Sept. 1, 1990. Adjunct appointment in American Studies at Five Colleges, Inc. (Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith Colleges, Salary com- and University of Massachussetts/ Amherst). Deadline, mensurate with qualifications and experience. Dec. 15...

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Berkes 1985 Fishermen and Tragedy of the Commons Community Fishery Management

...a threat 1o the communal meat-distribution shore, have together changed the whole situation. Now the system and kinship obligations. But eventually, more and deep-sea and the inshore (leets are finding themselves more turtlemen began selling commercially instead of increasingly in conflict with cach other, over the limited sharing their catches with relatives and neighbours. fishing grounds within their country’s EEZ. Nictschmann (1972) noted that, by 1971, there was a large The conllict between small -scale or artisanal inshore increase in Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) harvests, even fisheries and industrial fisheries—which last are usually though the amounts locally consumed actually de- company-owned and capital- and energy-intensive — a- creased. pidly becoming a common feature in many parts of the world. Thomson (1980) gives examples rom North Ye- Rapid Population-growth and Technology Change men, East Java, Thailand, and India. He could easily have given examples from industrialized countries as well. For In the Nicaragua example, Nictschmann ) consi- dered population growth a second major factor in the example, many Newoundland inshore fishermen found in the 1960s and the 1970s that their cod stocks had dimin- breakdown ol the traditional system; population growth intensified the need for money...

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Berkes 1985 Fishermen and Tragedy of the Commons Community Fishery Management

...Distant markets were developed, and fishermen began to compete with one another—turning fish into a commodity which could be converted into money and thence into trade-goods. Examples of the loss of community control over the resource may also be found in the case of contemporary commercial fisheries. As put by the FAO fisheries consul- tant Thomson (1980), ‘the enormous increase in the size and power of fishing fleets in the last three decades, and the extension of exclusive fishery zones to 200 miles from shore, have gether changed the whole situation. Now the deep-sea and the inshore fleets are finding themselves increasingly in conflict with each other, over the limited fishing grounds within their country’s EEZ. The conflict between small-scale or artisanal inshore fisheries and industrial fisheries—which last are usually company-owned and capital- and energy-intensive —is ra- pidly becoming a common feature in many parts of the world. Thomson (1980) gives examples from North Ye- men, East Java, Thailand, and India. He could easily have given examples from industrialized countries as well. For example, many Newfoundland inshore fishermen found in the 1960s and the 1970s that their cod stocks had dimin- ished...

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Albright 1989 Law and Amateur Underwater Archaeology SC

...state’s underwater archaeological resources is a con- tation, and that has as a goal the acceptance of respon- sibility by the sport divers for a major share of the cept, which if used intelligently within the framework of practical considerations, ethical requirements, and management of their own underwater archaeological resources. This is accomplished by working within the long-range goals, can pay dividends far in excess of the law under the direction of the state. The premises money, time, and energy expended. When I accepted the position as Underwater Archaeologist on the staff which follow, when taken together, form a philosophi- of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and cal statement of intent and direction in resource man- agement from which a law can be developed. Anthropology at the University of South Carolina in July of 1973, I was given the responsibility of discov- PREMISES ering, assessing and managing the State’s underwater archaeological resources using as a guideline alaw that People are basically good and tend to obey the law. had been on the books for six years, but that had been Successful societies are buil on laws. The news media constantly bring to our attention the results...

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Back 1981 Hydromythology Ethnohydrology New World WRR IRF

...32]. Social Evolution Most societies grow in complexity over time. Subdivisions arbitrarily imposed by archeologists are based on trends in major societal characteristics which include a higher level of abstraction than the day-to-day activities of prehistoric people [Hester, 1976, p. 239]. Human cultural evolution has a pur- pose similar to that of biological evolution in that it enables man to compete successfully with other biological organisms, especially with other people. Culture, which evolves by modi- fication in patterned and learned behavior, consists of several basic trends: increasingly effective technology, wider resource utilization, discovery of more efficient sources of energy, ing season. In all three situations, human activity is being di- rected toward making the spatial and temporal occurrence of water compatible with the spatial and temporal need for the water. This is the objective of all water management. Nor is there a distinction as to which of the three is assured of unfal- tering success: dams fail, water jugs break, and prayers go un- answered. This paper is, in part, a selection of information on the hy- drologic aspects of ethnoscience, defined by Kidwell [1973, p. 44] as an explication of the world view of Indian cultures and...

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UNESCO Courier 1981-12 Caribbean Encounter and Cultural Fusion

...The rights of mentally retarded persons. Com- munities that care (M. Boucebci). Sounds from silence (Li Hongtai and Shen Jiayin). Self- reliance and the right to work (E. Sackstein). Disabled characters in search of an author (T. Orjasaeter). Art treasures: Pre-Aksumite portrait (Ethiopia). July ENERGY 2000. Meeting the energy challenge (A.-M. M'Bow). Transition to a new energy mix (E.V. Iglesias). Profiles of change (W. Sassin). Implications of a sustainable energy system. The developing world and solar energy (A.M. Dioffo). World energy file (Z. Zaric). Training and information (J.F. McDivitt). Unifying the fundamental forms of energy (A. Salam). Costs and constraints (B.M. Berkovsky). Solar power for the Sahel. Brazil's green gasoline (B. Silva). Biogas in India (T.K. Moulik). Art treasures: Sun-worshipper (India). August-September ISLAM: 15TH CENTURY OF THE HEGIRA. The message of Islam (A.-M. M'Bow). Messenger of God (M. Hamidullah). A universal mission (H. Chatty). Ibn Battuta. Muslims of the Soviet Union (Z. Babakhan). Renewal and reform in Indonesia (S.B. Baried). The impact on black Africa (S.S. Nyang). Ethics of learning (M.A. Sinaceur). The Hegira (H.M. Said). The scientific achievement of early Islam (A...

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Walcott 1974 Caribbean Culture or Mimicry JISWA v16n1

...New World originated in hypocrisy and genocide, so it is revenge is uncrcative. We may not even need literature, not that not a question for us, of returning to an Eden or of creating 3 we are beyond it, but in the archipelago particularly, nature, the 5 Utopia; out of the sordid and degrading beginning of the West clements_if you want, are so_new, s 0 OQVEerpoweri (29 o ( ng in their Indies, we could only go further in decency and regret. Poets r than articulation of awe. To name is presence that awe is deepe and satirists are afflicted with the superior stupidity which to contradict. The awe of God or of the universe is the believes that societies can be renewed, and one of the most unnameable, and this has nothing to do with literacy. It is nourishing sites for such a renewal, however visionary it may better for us to be a race of illiterates who retain this awe than seem, is the American archipelago. to be godless, without mystery. A pygmy is better than an atheist. Sophistication is human wisdom and we who are the its victims, its transients, its dregs of that old history,

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1988 NewYorker ReporterAtLarge TreasureOfTheDeBraak CapeHenlopenSalvageHistory

...had been a share was later raised to fifteen per cent sunken timber logs, and, in his spare member of a 1935 expedition that had when her trust fund invested an addi- time, researching the whereabouts of tried to find the DeBraak. At the meet- tional hundred thousand dollars in the sunken treasure ships. Eventually, he ing, Wilson showed the three men a project, and the shares of Wise and focussed his hopes and his energy on piece of teakwood that he said had been Steingrebe were lowered two and a half the DeBraak, and started looking for brought up from the DeBraak, and told per cent each.) The four partners then investors. He also applied to the State them about a silver coin bearing the agreed to form a company called Sub- date 1786 which had fallen from the of Delaware for a permit to search for Sal to conduct the salvage operation, the DeBraak in the waters off Cape boot of a diver who had been exploring and Sub-Sal was incorporated in the y l THE NEW YORKER 35 State of Nevada on March 15, 1984. the sixty-four-gun St. Albans, who had ship’s boat...

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USICOMOS Newsletter No3 2003

...staff, etc). This latter type of assessment requires that the ICOMOS expert travel to the site and undertake a thorough evaluation of conditions there. While the expert advise of ICOMOS to UNESCO and to other organizations has never been deficient, it is also one of those areas where the full potential has not been achieved. And the reason is that the ICOMOS leadership is only aware of the expertise of a relatively small percentage of its members; the rest being an unknown quantity that undoubtedly holds great talent waiting to be used. It is for this reason that every year, as part of the membership renewal process, USACOMOS collects individual profiles of all its International Members. We need to know who you are. An excellent way for members to connect local and international preservation is through the USACOMOS Internship Exchange Program. Contrary to what many believe, USACOMOS exchanges are not directed at students but at practicing professionals already specialized in heritage conservation. US/ICOMOS needs members to help identify and secure qualified U.S. agencies and organizations that will host foreign interns. Our current roster of host agencies needs to be enlarged with more organizations that are emblematic of the...

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SHA Newsletter Vol21 No4 Dec1988

...Jr. , eds. 1988 - The Recovery of Meaning, Historical Archa- Smithsonian eology in the Eastern United States. y Institution Press, Washington, D.C, (Anthropological Society of Washington Series). The book focuses on the East Coast of the United States and covers data from 1580 to 1920. It is a collection of essays exploring the recovery of meaning from the historical archaeological record. The authors take on the problem of meaning, and understand that, although they may be aided by the documentary record, a search for meaning may complicate the scholar's task. Every researcher understands that an attempt to construct meaning - ideology, symbolic structure, cognition - calls for selecting analytical concepts. Energy flow, the functions of ritural, binary opposition, and misrepresentations are among these and are applied systematically to data. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Blee, Catherine Holder 1988 - Archeological Investigations in Skagway, Alaska. Volume 2: The Moore Cabin and House. Klondike GCold Rush National Historical Park. United States GCovernment Printing Office, Denver. 338 pages with tables and illustrations. Copies are available through the Technical Information Center, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 12795 W. Alameda Parkway, PO Box 25287, Denver, CO 80225. Archeological investigations at both the present and original locations of the William...

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WATER LOG 17-3 1997 Mississippi Alabama Coastal Legal Issues

...research, educa- tional, or aesthetic value of the sanctuary.”® The Act prohibits the cont. unique habitat of coral reef, sea grass, and shoreline from destruction or injury. Coffins Patch, an area off the coast of Grassy Key, east of Marathon, Florida, is located in the sanctu- ary and houses unique sea grass beds. The beds are distinctive because they are subject to high energy waves which keep sands in motion. As a result, sea grass does not grow easily here. In 1992, Salvors operated three vessels throughout Coffins Patch in an effort to unearth buried items. The vessels displaced sediment on the ocean floor using “mailboxes,” pipes mounted from the transom of a vessel which, when turned at a ninety degree angle, direct the thrust of a ship’s engine towards the sea bottom. The directed thrust creates “blow- According to holes” in the from biologist sea bottom up the sea grass to five feet dropped from deep and thir- bombing test Puerto Rico.” ty feet wide. Salvors used mailboxes for years to unearth sunken shipwrecks. The technique in Coffins Patch left over 600 blowholes from January to March of 1992, damaging a total of 1.63 According to...

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1977 UNESCO Development of Museums Trinidad and Tobago Almeida-Moro IRF TRP175-7-3

...refining, but also explaining the cmposition of oil, its treatment and the social transformation it brings about. 62. The Travelling Exhibition of Petroleum which was displayed some time ago in the Holiday Inn of Port of Spain seems to have had a marked success. 63. Additional exhibitions of this kind must be organized in order to permit their circulation throughout the country enabling the public as a whole to profit from the information provided. These two museums should have as fundamental aims the creation of a cultural identity based on the endeavour of the people living in the region and those who lived there in the past and the importance of agriculture and of Petroleum as elements of dynamism, social establishment and population settlement. Other museums devoted to transport, energy, etc., could be developed later. Note: See suggestions given in "Technical Suggestions®, Annex I. — o [ I. B. (2) - The Creation of Community Museums at the Civic Centres 6 The idea of creating mini museums at the Civic Centres to permit their further development as Community Museums has a special significance. 65. The general aspects of the project would be the responsibility of a Working Group from the n Development Division...

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Gould StephenJay 1993 Dinomania JurassicPark and Public Fascination

...Rm 1321, New York, NY 10107-0169. We cannot accept international money orders. Prices in Canadian Dollars include postage and GST: 1 yr. $80, 2 yrs. $154, 3 yrs. $228. The Canadian subscriber gift rate is $67. Customer Service Subscription problems, credit card orders, and renewals can be faxed to the attention of Michael Johnsan in the New York office at (212) 333-5374. Within the US you may call toll free: 1(800) 829-5088 Monday through Friday, 8 am to 9 pm, EST 'o Subscriber Service Department, PO Box 420382, Palm Coast, FL 32142-9605 52 flood of commercial tie-ins from lunch pails to coffee mugs to T-shirts, the effort looks more like a military blitzkrieg than an offer of entertain- ment. Therefore every American who is not mired in some Paleozoic pit surely knows that dinomania has reached its apogee with the release of Steven Spielberg’s film version of Michael Crichton’s novel Jurassic Park. As a paleontologist, I could not possibly feel more ambivalent about the result—marveling and cursing, laughing and moaning. One can hardly pay greater tribute to the importance of an event than to proclaim the im- possibility of neutrality...

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SHA Newsletter Vol22 No4 Dec1989

...220 pages, 90 illustrations, 20 tables. $15; postage and handling $3. Make check payable to RMSC. Order from: Research Division, Rochester Museum & Suence Center, P.O. Box 1480, Rochester, NY 14603. OVERSEAS CHINESE RESEARCH GROUP Reported by Paul G. Chace Two Helpful Workshops: Focusing upon Chinese material of the 1300 artifacts recovered durin, culture, a SHA Tucson Workshop will be examining many the Tucson Urban Renewal Archaeological Project (1967-73) This has been scheduled for Wednesda afternoon, January 10th, preceding the SHA Annual Conference in Tucson, Arizona. Hosted by the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona, the session has been organized by Jim Ayres of the Museum and Jerry Wylie of the U.S. Forest Service. The Tucson artifacts include both excavated items as well as the marvelous collection of heirlooms and near-recent material culture carefully salvaged within the abandoned tenements of the Ying On Association building. " t he Archaeolo, "Chinese Windows on the Past: A Workshop on of Chinese on the Western Frontier." This e g ety very six-day worksho Forest Service personnel, students, and scholars was held May 22-27, 1989, at the Idaho State Historical Museum. The program was rese! nted by the...

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Nettleford Caribbean Perspectives Creative Potential Quality of Life ConsloQuak Vol17 Nos3-4

...that these questions need asking. It seems that until the West Indian latecomers are allowed organically into West Indian cultural perspectives and be allowed to make contributions in depth (and 1 am not referring to roti, fried rice or curried goat) they will continue to treat the black-white confrontation as secondary to theip interests. Guyana might here come nearest to tackling the problem. But the established Euro-African forces can be said to have won out in the suspension of the Constitution in 1953 and the introduction in 1964 of an electoral system which in effect perpetuates the imbalance and must seek by its value commitment to condition the latecomer segment of the population around to the established Euro-African creole ideal. Trinidad is faced with much, not less, of the same problem and in this particular, both itself and Guyana can be said to hold important keys to the door of cultural renewal in the Caribbean. Jamaica much less so since that country is nothing near as multi-racial as she likes to think. Indeed, she can afford to be tolerant. Violence, which has been tried and tested in Guyana, is clearly not the answer; and Trinidad has...

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Whitson The Outlook of the Continental American Colonies on the British West Indies 1760-1775 Political Science Quarterly Vol XLV 1930

...p. 302. 68 POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY [Vou. XLV the quantities of sugar imported directly from the foreign islands.! When it was pointed out that, even had the market been reserved as he desired, the British West Indies could not satisfy the North American demand, he insisted that were he and his fellows certain of a good price for their commodities, they could very considerably increase the production of the British islands. But the northern colonists very naturally re- fused to destroy their present prosperity for hypothetical future advantages to themselves and the British planter, and continued to trade energetically with the French and Spaniards. The issue was fought out in England and after a four years’ struggle, the West Indian planters secured the paper victory of the Molasses Act (1733). that the act was not enforced embittered the feeling between the two parties. For, during the next thirty years, the con- tinental colonists found that they must be always on their guard to defeat any attempts on the part of the planters to obtain the enforcement of the law. Such attempts, or rumors of such attempts, formed a frequent subject of correspondence between the colonial agents and their northern constituents...

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1993 BusinessWeek Alternative Energy Technology and Market Trends

...or 1% of its total. ON ALTER NATIVE ENERGY FASTER SPIN. Those windmills will be more sophisticated than the giant propel- lers that covered California’s Altamont Nonfossil sources of power are back—and getting more efficient Pass in the 1980s to catch the powerful n the late 1970s, alternative energy share that's expected to rise only slowly. Pacific breezes. None of those early was nearly as popular in California Still, after being slashed by 76% dur- models could generate electricity for less i as alternative lifestyles. Fertilized than 74¢ per kilowatt hour, 50% more by state and federal tax incentives, ing the Reagan era, federal spending than from coal or nuclear. But in late for research on renewable energy will 1991, a Kenetech subsidiary, U. S. Wind- windmills sprouted east of San Francis. climb 36% in fiscal 1994, to $347 mil- co by the thousand. Patches of the Mo- lion. If this money is used well, says power Inc., unveiled a better turbine, jave Desert were carpeted with panels Robert L. San Martin, deputy assistant the 33M-VS. The company is now selling that collected the sun’s energy. But electricity from this machine for as little when...

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UVI REI BusinessPlan ExecutiveSummary ECC 1996

...Plan for the University's Renewable Institute was Energy developed consisted of a struggling economy, a landscape torn by the impact of two hurricanes and a university determined to complete a process of significant re-ordering of its priorities. As was all activity in the Virgin Islands, the plan was significantly delayed after Hurricane Marilyn scored a direct hit on the Virgin Islands, damaging 80% of all structures, totally devastating the electrical and utilities, telephone disrupting civic, religious, governmental and educational insti- tutions alike. In the middle of intense recovery efforts, arose to however, the opportunity address the concept of a renewable energy organization at the University with an additional perspective - that of disaster recovery and mitigation. The restoration of electrical power to most of the Territory by January 1, 1996 signaled the beginning of some measure of normalcy. The returned to University function amidst the debris of hurricane damage beneath blue tarpaulin roof covers, and the Eastern Caribbean Center (ECC) resumed the preparation of this plan. usvi stimu- residents, lated by the long period of of normal deprivation household electric power, were motivated to ex-plore alternative energy sources. Those already experienced in renewable energy technology led the way...

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1996 UVI Renewable Energy Institute Business Plan Eastern Caribbean Center

...Elcock participated on behalf of the Virgin Islands Energy Office. We wish to thank its Director, Alicia Barnes James, and the VIEO staff; particularly Ms. Elcock, for the provision of needed facts and figures and useful reality-checks along the way. Several other persons lent considerably to the development and publishing of this plan. Dr. Ed- ward L. Towle provided a much-valued late review. Ms. Norma Montes applied her technical skill to the publication of the document, and Ms. Velma Abramsen assisted with the executive summary. Mrs. Jerrilyn King shared her facilities and technical knowledge. Ms. Shirley Lincoln Jjoined in preparing this plan by applying her information-organizing and publishing skills to create the final product. Her service to the REI Business Plan project was extensive and invaluable. The Eastern Caribbean Center and the Renewable Energy Institute thank these persons for their significant contributions. Acknowledgments P Figures and Tables A R Introduction N P P D T Description of Target Groups 25 Services P vsa Strategies ess s ee 35 Organizational Structure I 49 Transitional Tasks SR 57 Cost and Revenue Structure P P T 59 R 61 Identification of Funding Sources 63 Implementation Time Plan References P 65...

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1999-02-22 Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Project and CERMES Climate Change Enabling Activities IRF

...(See the Annex for a list of renewable energy capacity building institutions and resources.) B. Review past and existing training programs in the Caribbean to identify best practices in capacity building within the regional context. Task 4. Design capacity building programs. A. Taking into consideration the results from Task 3, design a capacity building program for cach of the priority areas identified in Task 2. For each program, prepare a) an implementation plan indicating what institutions will conduct the program or support its implementation and how the capacity building would be provided throughout the region, b) a program curriculum, in consultation with Caribbean universities and polytechnics, ¢) training manuals and modules either from scratch or from existing and relevant sources, d) a budget and schedule and ¢) terms of reference for any consulting services. Deliverable Page 24 Regional GEF Grants The consultant will prepare a report documenting the results and outputs from the above tasks. Schedule This assignment is to be undertaken over an 11 month period. Reporting Requirements The consultant will report to the Caribbean Energy Information System (CEIS) and operate under the gencral supervision of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Required Expertise The consultant or consulting team...

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Kozloff Shobowale 1994 WRI Rethinking Development Assistance for Renewable Electricity

...from electricity grids, although interest is growing in using central PV power stations for remote villages. The strength of sunlight in most developing countries is sufficient for PVs to operate economically. Solar Thermal. Solar thermal technologies gener- ate electricity by concentrating sunlight onto a line or point where heat is transferred to a fluid that drives a turbine. This technology is little used outside the United States, where a 360 MW hybrid solar parabolic trough/natural gas system is oper- ating in California. (Among developing countries, only Mexico and India are currently considering such projects.) Other types of solar thermal tech- nologies (parabolic dish, central receiver) have some advantages, but solar trough/gas hybrid technology is the most commercially mature. Much of the developing world has strong enough direct radiation to eventually make low concen- trator trough technologies competitive with con- ventional power sources (Anderson, 1994). a. Detailed assessment of these and other renewable energy technologies and developing-country applications can be found elsewhere (See, for example, Sayigh, 1994; Johansson et al., 1993; Kristoferson and Bokalders, 1991). b. These hydro technologies are distinguished from large hydro by their capacity size, required elevation, and environmental implications. Large hydroelectric dams, while avoiding...

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Jensen Thomas 2000 Renewable Energy on Small Islands Executive Summary IRF

...renewable energy sources Isle of Pines (New 15%° Wind: 15% 2000 No 1414 1,700 Caledonia, France) Sal Island (Cape 14%7 Wind: 14% 1995- No 298 10,168 Verde) 1997 Sao Vicente Island 14%* Wind. 14% 1995- (Cape Verde) 246 63,040 1997 Maui Island 13.1% Biomass 1 1997 No Thereis a 1,883 (Hawaii, USA) Hydro: 20 o 100,374 energy/renewable energy strategy for Hawaii State St. Helena (UK) 13%° Wind. 13% 1999 No 122 5,564 Aeroe (Denmark) 12.7% Wind: 12.7% 1999 Yes 80-100% of 90 7,600 energy supply from renewable energy overa period of 10 years from 1998 to0 2008 San Clemente 10.6% Wind: 10.6% 1998 No 137 Island (USA) na Sao Jorge Island 10.3% Wind. 10.3% 1999 No 245 10,219 (Azores, Portugal) —— — Estimation. Estimation. Estimation. The penetration is for the Sal power system, which is the main power system on Sal Island. © The penetration is for the Mindelo power system, which is the main power system on Sao Vicente Island. © From June-December 1999. 6 Islands of the World VI Conference, Isle of Skye, 16 - 20 October 2000 Renewable Energy...

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Document 679c5f17

...renewable energy sources Isle of Pines (New 15%* Wind. 15% ° 2000 No 1414 Caledonia, France) 1,700 Sal Island (Cape 14%’ Wind 14% 1995- No 298 10,168 Verde) 1997 Sao Vicente Island 14%"* Wind: 14% 1995- 246 63,040 (Cape Verde) 1997 Maui Island 13.1% ° Biomass 111 ° 1997 No Thereisa (Hawaii, USA) 2% 1,883 100,374 Hydro: energy/renewable energy strategy for Hawaii State St. Helena (UK) 13% 9 Wind 13% o 1999 No 122 5,564 Acroe (Denmark) 12.7¢ Wind: 12.7% 1999 Yes 80-100% of 7,600 energy supply from renewable energy over a period of 10 years from 1998 to 2008 San Clemente 10.6% Wind: 10.6% 1998 No Island (USA) 137 na Sao Jorge Island 10.3% Wind. 10.3% 1999 No 2456 (Azores, Portugal) 10,219 ———— Estimation. Estimation. Estimation. N The penetration is for the Sal power system, which is the main power system on Sal Island. ® The penetration is for the Mindelo power system, which is the main power system on Sao Vicente Island. From June-December 1999. 6 Islands of the World VI Conference, Isle of Skye, 16 - 20 October 2000 Renewable Energy...

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Shupe Weingart 1980 Emerging Energy Technologies Island Environment Hawaii AnnRevEnergy v5 p293-333 HNEI

...and solar thermal electricity, the amount of capacity credit permitted de- pends in detail on the existing structure of the utility system in which the technologies are embedded (21), the temporal nature of the natural energy resource being harnessed, the utility load profile, and the fraction of total utility-system generating capacity represented by the renewable energy technology. In the case of Hawaii, we are assuming little or no capacity credit for the sake of this crude comparison. In reality, some capacity credit could be provided for a substantial (300 MW) amount of installed wind generation (22). Presumably the same would be true in theory for Solar Thermal Electric Conversion (STEC) and photovoltaics as well. However, there are periods in Hawaii ranging from several days to several months in which the trade winds are erratic. There are also lengthy periods when the entire island system is covered with clouds. The costs (shown in 1980 dollars) represent the range over which many experts disagree regarding future costs of actual commercial systems. For geothermal energy, estimates range higher than shown for the development of the high temperature thermal resource in the Puna region. Costs as high as $2500 per kW(e) have...

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Tiempo Issue22 1996-12 RenewableEnergy GHG Poland AlJ RegionalClimate Biodiversity Desertification

...In partnership with other organizations, ICSU has established a series of important regional networks through the Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START). Reliable information is the key to effective implementation in any undertaking. Preston Scott highlights the need for information tools to support the development of Activities Implemented Jointly, introducing a new sourcebook of comprehensive information for those concerned with this issue, whilst Gunnar Boye Olesen presents a series of guidelines for assessing renewable energy potential. Continuing our coverage of environmental conventions, we describe the latest developments regarding the Biodiversity Convention and the Convention to Combat Desertification, the latter came into force in December 1996. Finally, we would like to welcome the return of our favourite cartoonist, Lawrence Moore, to our Weather Eye pages. Cover photo: S Granich/TIEMPO e Poland’s economy and climate change \ # TWO YEARS after the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janciro in 1992 Poland ratificd the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change thercby expres g its will to participate in the activitics agreed upon by the world’s socicty to protect Earth’s climate and obliging itself to implement the commitments to the Convention. Ratification of the...

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Merriam 1972 Decentralized Power Sources for Developing Countries IDR

2 Water, wnd sun, and oher local energy sources should be used to enlarge the energy supply of lages . developing countries. Decentralized Power Sources for Developing Countries Marshal F. Merriam University of California, Berkeley [ By ‘“‘decentralized power sources,’ ' | mean sources the bullock becomes a liability. Certainly the power of electrical, mechanical, and thermal power for use available to the villager cannot be increased without by people who are, in a sense, “‘outside the economy.’ limit simply by increasing the number of bullocks unless These people live in villages, islands, homesteads that the land to feed them on is also limitless. Unfortunately are not served by adequate central-station electric land shortage conditions are now the rule in large areas power, and sometimes not by highways or railroads. of the developing world Their number, worldwide, must surely be in the hun- 3. Central-station electric power by transmission line dreds of millions. If the distances are large and the amounts of power in- volved are small, the cost per kwh delivered can be- ergy as a Controlling Factor in come substantial Also this is a capital-intensive onomic Development solution, requiring centralized planning and execution Capital and social organization are...

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Hodgkins 1980 Solar Salt Pond Generating Systems Pine Cay Caribbean PRIDE

...using this system. Maintenance costs would be low and after the initial large investment in salt, very little new "fuel" is needed. The sun is still free. FREON TURBINE N HOT | HEAT I | | EXCHANGER 2 SN 1l USABLE I POWER HOT I\ \\ — — = I AN & i ] ( GENERATOR = L t \ R EI \ =y \ s \ ¥ " W W\ . LO SALT CONTENT COOL' WATER \ SOLAR POND GENERATING SYSTEM .. PROPOSED FOR PINE CAY LN OUNDARY LAR \\ \ /i A solar salt pond uses solar energy by HIGH 'SALT \—— HO WATER trapping heat. This drawing illustrates how STEE the concept works. High concentrations of b S salt in the water make it more dense or heav- . 5 ier at the bottom than at the top and capable of retaining great amounts of heat The heat- ed brine is drawn off, the vapour of which turns a generator turbine. The vapour then condenses and is returned to the pond. - Page 6 ¥ ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND AWARDS $41,000 FIRST CARIBBEAN APPLICATION OF SUCCESSFUL GRANT TO PRIDE FOR WORK IN ANTIGUA TSREALI SOLAR/ELECTRIC POND PROPOSED FOR PINE CAY Sean Breen of Energy Potentials, Inc., Mr. William S. Moody, Rockefeller assisted by PRIDE Board...

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1998-10-03 Sustainable Energy Symposium Small Island States Rockefeller NY

...Institute Renewable Energy and the Unique Opportunity for Island Nations — Stan Hosie, Chief Executive Officer, Counterpart International Concluding Remarks — John C. Topping, Jr, President, Climate Institute Agenda Participants Participating Institutions Foreword In March 1998, when Dr. Noel Brown and | met with Ambassador Slade, Chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), he pointed out the need for small island states not only to be active in raising concerns about climate change, but also to be proactive in designing and implementing solutions. At that point, a number of us started brainstorming over the potential shape of a global capacity building effort linking small island states with world class institutions in South and North. By training scientists, architects, engineers, planners and technicians, small island states could shape their own destiny and enhance their capacity to respond to climate change. At the New York symposium, Climate Institute launched its Small Island States Greening Initiative. Under this initiative, over a dozen world class institutions (listed in Appendix C) in the South as well the North have agreed to collaborate in training island state experts, enhancing the capacity of island states to adapt to climate change and facilitate their efforts to enhance energy...

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GEF Roundtable Sustainable Energy Summary Goldemberg 2002-01-30

...poor women and chil- dren. Provision of alternatives that substitute for wood fuels and support new income opportunities would address the needs of more than a half billion poor people around the world. Although access to clean energy is by no means suffi- cient for sustainable development, it is an essential com- ponent of strategies for rural jobs, education, food security, water supplies, urban and rural public health, local self-sufficiency, and a host of other development benefits. In many developing countries, fossil fuel consumption contributes to rising urban air pollution, large foreign exchange burdens, and degradation of ecosystems on which human livelihoods depend. At a time when these concerns are high on the global agenda, supplies of fossil fuels are also a security issue. Reducing the consump- tion of fossil fuels in both industrialized and developing countries through energy efficiency measures and expanded use of renewable energy sources (biomass, wind, solar, small hydro, and geothermal) is therefore critical. novernmn households, and private compa- nies spend $40~60 billion per year on new energy- supply infrastructure, more than $1 trillion per year on direct energy purchases, and much larger sums on the infrastructure that consumes energy. Even small positive shifts in...

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1994 Persaud Alternative Energy SIDS UN Conference CaseStudy1

...reduce prices for electricity in locations and for uses where renewables could otherwise be competitive. 100. Since developed countries have been the largest users of fossil fuels and have been mainly responsible for greenhouse gas accumulations, the major responsibility falls on them to bring emissions under effective control. However, by 2020 developing countries will be responsible for nearly half the They have a global responsibility, total consumption of fossil fuels. therefore, to accept targets on emissions, even though these must be much less stringent to take into account their lower historical contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and their development needs. Global imperatives and progress require greater international cooperation in the development of energy policy. 101. Small island developing States have a strong interest in preventing global warming since many of them are very vulnerable to consequent sealevel rise and ecological change. They must therefore help to ensure an effective Framework Convention on Climate Change. Those who have not yet done so should ratify the Convention and among developing countries, they should encourage interest and cooperation. 102. Small island developing States and other developing countries must promote efficient and sustainable energy use in relation to their national circumstances This will do...

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1990 Miller Phillips EnergyDevelopmentRuralAreas MicroUtilityApproach Energy90Conference

...operation, maintenance and small business management. In each village professionals from Energy Resources worked with the -7- Ok Gk OG G5 G community to identify the types of electrical requirements the project was to address, the design and location of the equipment, and to establish the ongoing operations and maintenance mechanism. This micro utility involved creation of a trust fund financed with an initial grant from the government and sustained with minimal user fees. Ongoing service was established with a system manager--"contractor" covered by a "service contract" with each of the village councils. The user fees are collected to provide the funding for proper maintenance, and the small business employs one person to provide the overall maintenance, troubleshooting, bookkeeping, ordering of spare parts, etc. for all 31 systems. The system manager visits each installation several times a year to maintain and repair the systems as needed. The system was installed in 1987. A US Department of Energy report completed 14 months after the project was completed, stated that the project was meeting its initial objectives. The second example resently being developed in Central America, involves the installation o 75 renewable energy systems in the National Parks of Costa Rica...

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Jones 1992 Global Climate Change Selected Annotated Bibliography IRF

...Temperature increased from 1880-1940, but then dropped from 1940 until the 1960’s to the extent that a new ice age was predicted. A recent study looking at the 1979-1988 period using precise satellite data showed no obvious trend. Abelson concludes, however, by stating that despite the uncertainties and even if there were a "negligible greenhouse effect, we should be taking actions” such as inducing conservation and energy efficiency by raising taxes on fuels, and expanding efforts to develop renewable resources. Whatever is done "should be based on well-thought-out long-range goals." Barnwell, George. Your Contribution to Global Warming. National Wildlife, p. 53, February-March 1990. Barnwell examines the relationship between electric energy used in the home and the carbon dioxide (CO,) produced by a coal-fired electric generating plant. For example, a 100-watt bulb used as a night light 365 days a year would result in 675 pounds of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere as a result of coal burned to produce the necessary electricity. A brief table gives similar information for a variety of common household appliances. Beardsley, Tim. Not So Hot: New Studies Question Estimates of Global Warming. Scientific American...

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Dower Zimmerman 1992 WRI Right Climate for Carbon Taxes Economic Incentives

...have no environmental benefit, only that the benefit alone would not justify the cost of addi- tional reductions. In this case, however, the benefits are a windfall of climate policy and should therefore be counted among the benefits of promoting climate stability. 10 One set of regulatory policies for CO, emission reductions are quite different from regulatory control programs. Regulatory changes can some- times overcome or compensate for market failures. Changes in the way electric and gas utili- ties are regulated, for instance, can allow energy efficiency improvements and renewable (non- carbon) energy sources to compete on a more equal basis with traditional fossil fuels. These kinds of market reforms improve market per- formance, and may also improve the effective- ness of any pollution tax or permit system. 11 Bradley, et al., evaluate a greenhouse gas tax which includes methane and other greenhouse gas emissions along with carbon. They also evaluate a carbon tax with reforestation credits. 12 Tietenberg provides a very useful review and dis- cussion of the dollar cost savings that might be associated with various economic incentive type pollution control programs. See: Tietenberg, T.H., Emissions Trading: An Exercise in Reform- ing Pollution Policy, Resources for the...

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