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3,095 results for "water resource management" (7474ms)
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Wider Caribbean Environmental Agricultural Constraints and Resource Management AMBIO 1981

...NEED FOR MARINE AND On the other hand, there is substantial COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT of pollutants on marine organisms and evidence that mangrove swamps, coral ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean Re- POLICIES reefs, Thallasia beds and coastal lagoons gion is limited. However, there are indica- contribute to the life cycle of a great Most Caribbean countries have not fully tions that stress conditions do exist in majority of the commercial species of fish eveloped the managerial and custodial coastal areas adjacent to several urban and shellfish captured in the region. Thus, ethics or the policies needed to adequately and industrial sites in the region. The de- degradation of these ecosystems resulting protect and use their coastal and marine gree of this stress has to be assessed and from pollution, or from physical disrup- assets. The most important reasons for the effects on public health and marine tion of coastal areas, has a far more severe this situation are as follows: a) national resources need to be quantified in order to effect than if the fishery was linked to economic problems often overshadow en- provide a substantive case for managing productivity in open waters. vironmental considerations so that costs developmental activities...
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ICLARM Integrated Aquaculture Agriculture Poverty Alleviation Asia Africa

...combined towards this redirection of our work. The target farmers could not adopt aquaculture as an additional activity. It needed investments in infrastructure, knowledge about aquaculture and resource management, and a medium to large scale of operations. Small farmers did not understand the concept and did not have the knowl- edge, capital, or the necessary training and long-term guid- ance to successfully practice a system designed for increas- ing fish production. It became apparent that any success in introducing aqua- culture into poor farming communities depended upon their specific ecological, economic and sociological conditions. The starting point for introducing fish farming could not be the fishpond and fish farming techniques. It had to be the farmer and the farm. For the new entrant the learning curve was very steep and adoption dependent on very intensive extension work. The objective was not simply to increase fish production but to rehabilitate water resources and maxi- mize the use of all on-farm resources to increase income, food security and long-term sustainability of the farm house- hold. The challenge was to design systems and techniques to move the small farmer from the existing situation, given the asset base and state of...
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Gulston Eustace StVincentGrenadines Agricultural Sector Study Vol2 Agricultural Programmes OAS

...fuel ’ emlet, incomes and recreation require skilful manipulation of the natural reg ources of the State. It requires good management of water, forest, soil, capital vn eoloy and manpower to produce goods and services for the benefit of the people. o therefore, ought to provide families with a respectable level of living as reflected by gainful mplen relevant education, adequate shelter, food and nutrition and good health. While the issues and associate d policies provide the framework for evlo a set of programmes for the agricultural sector of St. Vincent and the Ged, _— turther consideration was given to (a) scarcity of resources particularly land, capital and local expertisge (b) the effects of conflicts rising out of competition for resource €eg 50il erosion, deoreon water contamination, squatting (c) the need to concentrate on the development of W regions of the State rather than isolated ouco of selected commodities. In this respect, watersheds become the focus of et for planning the use of the land for forests, crops, livestock, water resources, industrial activity, the social and infra- structural requirements for human settlements (d) employment creation and linkages to other sectors of the economy (e) the failures and difficulties encountered by agricultural and...
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Wilken GeneC 1991 Sustainable Agriculture is the Solution But What is the Problem BIFADEC OccasionalPaper14

...the environment (energy, water, wind) that transfer effects (e.g., eroded soil) from one place to another. Economic systems must be similarly spa- tially integrated, in order to account for positive and negative transfers. For example, hillside farmers will be encouraged to invest time and effort in conservation if they share in the benefits of downstream irrigation systems which non- sustainable practices might threaten. Devising benefit and cost streams that parallel ecologic flows is one of the major challenges of sustainability. - ~ = G G & G Gl Cautious introduction of new technologies New technologies always stimulate hope. But past experi- ence has shown that even ostensibly benign innovations can have negative impacts. Maintaining the dual standards of production and resource maintenance requires even closer scrutiny of new methods to ensure that they are compatible with the physical, social, and economic environments of particular places. Agrotechnology transfers should be sub- jected tothe sort of negative analysis imposed on engineering structures when failure carries high costs. xperien nsferabl h In the past, technology transfers were almost always from technically-advanced to less-advanced countries. Sus- tainability puts more emphasis on system maintenance and management and less on technical solutions. Contributions can come...
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Neil 1987 Mechanical Engineering Aspects Orange Hill Estate FinalReport OAS IRF StVincent

...RESOURCES F OUNDATION U. ook tiox 33, . Thomas S. .. odas Y6802 - . Final Report Frepared by: William Neil, 0AS Ceormsultant Mecharical Erpirneering Aspects of the Orarge Hill Estate. MANANEMENT = During my assigrment at Oranpge Hill I was able tao t the Board of Directors to obtain tols for the worksh p and parts for two of the tractors, tyres for the trucks, supply. and & gerneratr for the power A water tark was built tao hold 10,000 gallons of water and a 12 x 16 store room for the processing plant was constructed. Irn February when the presernt Gereral Manager and Finarcial Comptra ller (British Techrnical Assistarnce) took aver, there was a decline in the progress of the estate. I fourd it very difficult t get the recessary items to carry cut my duties. The tractar, trucks and cther eguipment were rot properly maintaied due to & lack of funds. FROCESSING FLANT: Due to the lack of fiarcial support I was urnable to complete my plans for improvemerts to the processing plant. During the time of the previous Acting Manager I was able to install a ceilirng in the processing section of the plant, build a stocre room and a water...
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1986 StVincent OAS OrangeHillEstate FarmingDevelopmentPlan IanPJohn

...accepted consisted of plan 2 in addition to which were small businesses, skills training, community development, and other activities. y In my report I shall review the recommendations made by the OAS consultants on all of the proposals for the agricultural activities associated with the development of the Estate. These studies include: 1. The Soil and Land Use Study 11 The Water Resources Study o -2 - I iii. The Analysis of Soil Conservation Problems, and iv. The hed Management Problems = V. A detailed estimate for surveying costs and a time schedule for executing the surveying work for all farms. S. The feeder roads system was done in collaboration with an 0AS Civil Engineer and forms part of this report. 5 I 2 — L. P 1.0 REVIEW OF PROPOSED LAND USE PLAN FOR THE ORANGE HILL ESTATE 1.0.1 The proposal by Smith for the land use of the estate, recommends the maximum utilisation of the arable lands, fruit producing lands and pastures on the estate. The proposal was based on intensive studies carried out in the field and laboratory in order to ascertain the soil types, land classification and irrigation requirements of the several crops proposed for...
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Document 65fcf6a4

f & CONFIDENTIAL FINAL DRAFT RISK ASSESSMENT OF AGROCHEMICALS IN TROPCIAL ISLAND ECOSYSTEHMS - A PROPOSAL TO: - e e ) = SUBHITTED 8Y: CARDI - caribbean Agricultural Research & pevelopment Institute the UI University of the Hest Indies - through Centre for Edvironsent Studies and ‘Resource Manageent (CESRH) - UNESCO Man and the sh Prograsase (MAB) This proposal was developed at a workshop funded by HAB co held saint Lucia, October 27, to November 1, 1985 e e s March, 1986. ST. L 2 G st 2 03JECTIVES N SN I The overall objective of this proposal is to develop a regional within the Eastern Caribbean to regulate, onitor and capability control the use and effects of agrochemicals on husan health and the are environment, based on risk assessments and scientific data that valid for the region. Thus, the project described in this proposal will: Analyze the risks associated with agrocheaical use on islands of the Eastern Caribbean; to the Develop a risk assessment methodology appropriate socioeconomic and ecological environment of the Eastern Caribbean; Evaluate the benefits of the specific agrocheaicals used, especially in regard to risk, and the selection of alternatives. Develop an institutional capability within the region to do agrocheaical risk assessaent, that can be...
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1986 CESRM Cardi UWI UNESCO RiskAssessment Agrochemicals Tropical Island Ecosystems Proposal StLucia Barbados

et gor oo - - ( .. CONFIDENTIAL FINAL DRAFT . RISK ASSESSMENT OF AGROCHEMICALS IN TROPCIAL ISLAR D ECOSYSTEHS . A PROPOSAL TO: B & e . it SUBHITTED BY: Caribbean Agricultural Research & CARDI pevelopment Institute the UI University of the Hest Indies - through centre for Edvironsent studies and Resource Hanagement (CESRH) 5 - UNESCO Han and the prograsae (HAB) s 4 at a workshop funded by MAB UNESCO held in This proposal was develope to November 1, 1985 saint Lucia, October 27, y — - - - St March, 1986. ST. I i A b 2 03JECTIVES The overall objective of this proposal is to develop 2 regional regulate, gonitor and capability within the Eastern Caribbean to human health and the control the use and e ffects of agrochemicals on are environment, based on risk assessments an d scientific data that Thus, the project described in this proposal valid for the region. will: Analyze the risks associated with agrocheaical use on is lands of the Eastern Caribbean; the pevelop a risk assessment methodology appropriate to and ecological environment of the Eastern socioceconomic Caribbean; Evaluate the benefits of the specific agrocheicals used, to risk, and the selection of especially in regard alternatives. an institutional capability within the re gion to do Develop...
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Wilken 1985 Role of Traditional Agriculture in Preserving Biological Diversity

...1971) . But in addition, traditional farming el in ym are imbedded s 3 n y = i m farm e m aterials, inputs, such as y n S R i e and most farm i = outputs nl mar = = —— —— ocial and economic l P S tend be local, in t e striking to the national and even international linkages of modern industrialized farming operations (Wilken 1981). t . - Traditional farmers rely wupon human and nm Tools tend to be —— rather fossil fuel = = powered equipment. simple and generalized. Information on crop characteristics, resources (Qa water, soil) management , and external factors (, markets, government policies) comes mostly ocal es i ( . en e / charac- L n are basic to understanding the role of diversity in traditional farming. ® DIVERSITY AS STRATEGY IN TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE The diversity of plants and animals in traditional {(Harwood 1979:12). But agricultural systems has often been noted S rather than a static characteristic, diversity can best be understood as a strategy in response to various opportunities and constraints within traditional systems. o Subsistence Froduction FPure subsistence agriculture, in which there are no off-farm or TS rare (Wharton 1969). But since most inputs outputs, traditional farm...
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UPR-Mayaguez Aquaculture Program History Research Grants 1970-1984

...several studies have been undertaken in the areas of culture systems, water quality, genetics and breeding, nutrition, processing, and education. summary of the findings and their usefulness can be found in Appendix II. Aquaculture Extension Extension is an important aspect of the overall application of aguaculture in Puerto Rico. At the present time, no official extension program for aquaculture exists, however, PESCA staff attempt to assist any local people interested in the culture of aquatic organisms. Assistance in site selection, pond construction, provision of juvenile tilapia and freshwater shrimp for nominal fees, and stocking and feeding recommendations appropriate for the species cultured are among the services offered by PESCA. In addition, PESCA, in conjunction with CODREMAR, hosts an "Ipen House" the second Friday of each month at the Lajas Station from 1:30 - 3:30 P.M., The Open House is intended to answer the numerous inquiries made at UPR-MC and CODREMAR concerning aquaculture. Page 7 A Page 8 Future Goals UPR-MC needs to continue its development as a leading research and advisory institution for tropical aquaculture management and development. A comprehensive approach in analyzing and solving aguaculture problems in Puerto Rico and LDC”s is of the...
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ICLARM AnnualReport1998 Partnerships FishFarming Aquaculture ResearchHighlights

...and the Indian subcontinent. Rice grows in a lot of water, and so does fish. In this context, the issues of effective oil and water management, the benefits of raising fish in rice paddies and the productive use of resources available on farms through recycling were communi- cated to the audience through interactive visual and oral presen- tations. Almost every child knows that cience has taken people to the moon, but not many are aware that it can be used very effectively to add a highly nutritious food to the ver 27,000 people saw the display and heard about raising fish economically in ricefields and how scientific research can have a tremendous impact on food availability for the poor. Communicators from ICLARM and ICARDA highlighting the benefits of integrating fish with rice farming to guests at Disney World in Florida. Photo: Edda Echeandia 7/ 7 / P / / = -, = T, o { 2 — - va /] L o) ICLARM AnnuAL Report 1998 17 daily meal of thousands of undernourished children around the world. Knowledge is essential to create conditions and incentives for channeling resources into harnessing the potential of aquatic resources to increase the supply of food in the future. As world population...
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OAS StVincentGrenadines AgriculturalSectorStudy Vol1 Policies 1985 Nurse

...There is the tendency to overfish the demersal resources in certain areas of the continental shelf of . Vincent. This is occuring because existing vessels and ee inadequate to permit more epv fishing of the territorial waters. The planned improvements to the fishing vs and gear and the specialized training for fishermen will collectively contribute towards the elimination of over-fishing im certain areas. The unfavourable image of fishing as a vocation will not spontaneously change, Government will therefore sponsor public awareness programmes (especially in the schools) to educate te population and to attract technicians and managers to the industry. 6. LIVESTOCK (Dairy, Beef, Small Stock, Poultry, Services) - (please see appendices 11, 12, 13 & 11). The livestock sub-sector is expected to generate levels of growth which could exceed any other sub-sector. Govern- ment's policy will be to promote investment in livestock by the private sector. The required developmental activities and infrastructure facilities will be undertaken by Government, while commercial investment will be left to private individuals and corporate farming, as joint ventures and co-operatives. ——————————— WA 28 7. FORESTRY, PARKS, WILDLIFE/WATERSHED MANAGEMENT please scec appendices 15 & 16 Forestry The preservation of the forestry sub-sector in St...
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McElroy deAlbuquerque 1990 Sustainable SmallScale Agriculture Caribbean Islands MALAS

...65). 16 NEW DIRECTIONS To adequately respond to persistent rural decline demands a serious reassessment of agriculture’s role in the future island economy: (1) whether it will remain an elastic supplier of land and labor inputs to the modern sectors and 1ikely continue to shrink; or (2) become an independent and productive source of outputs, linkages, and livelihoods. We believe the interests of the region strongly favor the latter because of the associated Tong-term benefits. The most persuasive include: (1) some real measure of self-sufficiency and diversification to stabilize the economy during tourist and export shortfalls; (2) improved soil and water quality through sustainable resource uses and watershed management; and (3) the stability of environmental amenities for their continuing touristic values as well as for their life-long recreational enjoyment by residents. To achieve a viable farm/fishery sector, however, will present island planners with three formidable tasks: (1) to develop a more realistic, longer- range and integrated understanding of how small islands function; (2) to gain a much greater appreciation of the complexity of environmental-agricultural interactions; and (3) to design overall strategies compatible with this more holistic framework for reversing rural declines in the future...
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1973 NSRC NAS Workshop Aquatic Weed Management Guyana Report

...Coritrol of the water weed problem in the Rewa River. Fiji Agric. Jour. N.S. 33, 67-72. Inaba, D., Minoru Nomura, 1957 Preliminary report on the spawning of grass carp and and Morisumi Nakamura. silver carp in the Tone River,-Japan, and the development of their eggs. Jour. of the Tokyo University of Fisheries. Vo.45(1), pp. 81-96. Knipling, E.B., S.H. West, 1970 Growth characteristics, yield potential, and mitritive and W.T. Haller. content of water hyacinth. Paper presented at meeting of Soil and Crop Society of Florida, Clearwater, Florida. See also J. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida 30-51. 1972 and D.F. Livermore. Koegel, R.G., H.D. Bruhn, Improving surface water conditions through control and disposal of aquatic vegetation. The University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center, Technical Report OWRR b-018-Wis. Krupauer, V. 1971 The use of herbivorous fishes for ameliorative purposes in Central and Eastern Europe. Proc. of the European Weed Research Council; 3rd International Symp. on Aquatic Weeds. p. 95. Leach, J.R. Sarasota Weed and Feed Inc., Sarasota, Florida. Personal communication. Leonard, J.W. and S.A. Cain. 1961 The role of herbicides in wildlife management...
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Ferguson Appropriate Agricultural Research Development CARICOM IRF 1983

...improvements in water management and other cultural practices date from the dawn of civilization. In where conditions are short, favorable farm managers and workers have been and can continue to be a vital and important force in technology adaptation and by positive example, its dessimmation to other farm businesses. (The farmer line. Figure 1) In most cases, FSR programs are administratively linked to research agencies. However, within the R&D process, extension diffusion services can play an equally critical role. As a point of departure, the extension ser- vices, and others working in social science disciplines may assist by en- couraging what I will label the community innovation process (Figure 2). Following for convenience a parallel three stage model, community knowledge, values and skills at a given point in time define production opportunities. As knowledge, skills and values change, than communities and individuals may choose to modify their individual and collective use of productive re- sources. The rate of change and acquisition of knowledge and skills as =1g Figure 2: Items Involved in Community Innovation Process Community knowledge, Plans to recombine or repro- Community Adoption values and skills gram available land labor, support by indi- capital and management as and...
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Haydock 1987 Report on Orange Hill Development Project StVincent OAS

...Agriculture, who had previously been assigned to the project in and advisory capacity. Mr. Johnson and the senior field supervisors have done a good job of rehabilitating and extending cultivation. The undergrowth has been cleared away, improved agricultural practices and management instituted, approximately thirty (30) acres of bananas have been planted, and cultivation of passion fruit, pineapples and local cherries, for supply to the Agro-Plant have been extended. Approximately sixteen (16) acres of tobacco and two (2) acres of sorrel were cultivated successfully and it is proposed to allocate additional land to both of these crops next season. Production of the main crops, i.e. coconuts and bananas, had been substantially increased, but subsequently suffered unusally severe The irrigation pipes have been reclaimed and additional drought conditions. irrigation equipment borrowed from a private farmer - this has done much to assist in preserving existing banana cultivation, although the effectiveness of the irrigation has been reduced by low water pressure. The morale of the work force appears to have improved substantially, due to good example, better direction in their duties and a clearer ene under- standing of the aims of the project, particularly that it is intended for their eventual benefit...
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1980 CICP USAID Pest Pesticide Management Caribbean Seminar Summary

...pesticides. Over-exposure may also occur from spray-drift or contamination of food and water supplies. Exposure may be by direct ingestion, respiration or by dermal contact. Accumulation in the environment of persistent residues of pesticides. This is a more subtle and long term source of risk. The development of resistance to pesticides on the part of pests. This is a major problem both in agriculture and in public health. SR y k e 30 OBJECTIES OF AGROMEDICINE These are as follows: To achieve an integrated programme of education and regulation to encourage safe pesticide management. Activities to be covered must include Importation Storage Transportation Use Residues Pollution Control (i.e. Environmental Protéction) Disposal Worker Protection Nutrition in relation to health, productivity and response to exposure to pesticides. To develop the capabilities for training at all levels, so as to produce the scientists and tech- nicians necessary for agromedical programmes. To develop appropriate laboratory facilities for monitoring humans, food and the environ- ment. To establish agromedical teams with sufficient support to conduct effective programmes To prepare an inventory of the relevant manpower and material resources in the Region PROCEDURES It is recommended that Agromedical Teams be formed at the national...
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Browne 1985 Agricultural Land Development StVincentGrenadines MA Dissertation Chapter4

...f armers and rural people to benefit from agriculture without their actual ownership of the land. The intensively farmed coastal and valley areas should be of medium sized farms 50- 80 acres in size and should be owned and managed by co-operatives. This will allow for pooling of financial resources, Q - Lo '] L g j increased productivity and economic returns and the distribution of the economic surplus among a larger number of farmers. Lands on the gentle sloping areas which are devoted to banana and good production should be used for small sized farms (5-10 acres) which should be individually owned but some farming activities eg marketing, provision of arm inputs and machinery can be organised in a co- operative basis. Fruit forests, energy forests and timber forests which all required large land areas should be government owned but their management and development will be carried out by the neighbouring communities and the state. Vilentian farmers are not new to co-operative acitivity for years they { have been organising themselves in commodity iios for marketing and provision of inputs for their crops. The existing comdy associai e ton should be maintained to allow for greater farmers democracy and...
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1981 IMA Aquaculture Industry Trinidad Tobago Proceedings

...Extensive farming means that large areas of land or water are used to rear a small number of fish; the annual production from any given area is low. Intensive farming utilizes a small area to produce a lot of fish giving a high annual production per unit area. Intensive farms often use fibreglass or concrete tanks or channels or small floating cages. Apart from the production level, there are other important differences between extensive and intensive farming systems. The former usually has very low capital and operating cost, requires a low level of management, and the product often has a low market value. In contrast, intensive farms have high costs and management requirements and produce more valuable types of fish. For Trinidad and Tobago, the most appropriate type of system is probably moderately intensive. This country lacks the tradition to operate extensive farms successfully and lacks the technical skills and experience for the most highly-intensive systems. Floating cages, 55 excavated ponds, fibreglass tanks or concrete channels could all be used for a medium-intensity farm, and the resources are available in this country for the construction of any type of facility. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS The costs of farming...
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Rojas Meganck 1987 Land Distribution Development Eastern Caribbean

...Confronted with the danger of land abandonment, governments have been forced to intervene in order to maintain jobs and production in a sector that provides nearly 40% of total employment and a substantial proportion of the foreign exchange earnings of these countries. Governments were therefore confronted with the problem of intro- ducing new forms of landownership and management, not only to maintain good agricultural land in production, but also to achieve national socioeconomic development goals. These endeavours, in turn, give rise to complex policy issues which remain largely unresolved. They are essentially concerned with determining the most appropriate combination of agricultural enterprises required to simultaneously attain the interrelated goals governments are pursuing for the agricultu- ral sector, namely: 159 \ \ \ a1 g TS M?’“ Land distribution and land development in the Eastern Caribbean @ diversification of production to expand exports and substitute imported goods; @ increasing productivity and value added locally by the agricultural sector; @ redistribution of the benefits of agricultural development with the consequent increase in rural incomes; @ protection of the natural resource base. It is widely accepted that an agricultural sector dominated by a few large estates (whether owned by locals or foreigners, individuals or corpora- tions) is unsuitable for attaining...
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Back 1981 Hydromythology Ethnohydrology New World WRR IRF

...we were afterwards to flee on the night of our great defeat - and that of Guadalupe. We saw the fresh water which came from Chapultepec to supply the city, and the bridges that were constructed at intervals on the causeways so that the water could flow in and out from one part of the lake to another. We saw a great number of canoes, some com- ing with provisions and others returning with cargo and mer- chandise; and we saw, too, that one could not pass from one house to another of that great city and the other cities that were built on the water except over wooden drawbridges or by ca- noe. We saw temples and shrines in these cities that looked like gleaming white towers and castles; a marvelous sight. These are the words of Bernal Diaz del Castillo [Diaz del Castillo, 1963), one of the soldier chroniclers with Cortez, he described the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in November of 1519. Tenochtitlan was strongly reminiscent of Venice and larger than Paris, with a population nearly 5 times larger than London’s at that time. The Aztecs’ management of water resources was a major factor in the construction, growth...
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1988 Historic Resources US Virgin Islands Review Assessment NPS

...pertinent management objectives, proposed corrective measures, and the kind of funding required to address the issues. booklet also rear SO that This contains tear-out pages in the readers may send their comments, pro or con, about any of the elements, to the working group for input into the process. All responses received will be considered for incorporation into the pertinent elements. All interested readers are encouraged to respond. THE ELEMENTS COMPREHENSIVE HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN VIRGIN ISLANDS ANTIQUITIES ACT REHAB AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRISTIANSTED'S GOVERNMENT HOUSE A y D A 4. ENHANCEMENT OF URBAN HISTORIC DISTRICTS e Q o MAINTENANCE OF CHRISTIANSTED NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE pod st S A Y A R Py B o N l A REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FORT CHRISTIAN COLUMBUS LANDING SITE AREA ASSESSMENT AND PROTECTION SI BS AA A VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES ON ST. JOHN y DV e X 2 10 HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BUCK R G R A D Y A A At A 2R A A2 A ISLAND REEF NATIONAL MONUMENT 11 COMPREHENSIVE MARINE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OFFSHORE De s N A A ey o WATERS WITHIN NPS...
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Arnold1978 1977 Underwater Site Test Excavations Padre Island TAC Pub5

...but with varying degrees of success. everal days were spent digging test holes, in an The testing of the remaining scattered anoma- organized radial search pattern, around the tank found in 1975 near which four or five ballast lies revealed a few nineteenth century wreck sites and a lot of modern ferrous debris. This phase of stones had been recovered. Unfortunately, the our investigations was successful in terms of only result was the recovery of one more ballast cultural resource management since we tested all stone. The anomalies tested by excavation are listed in the remaining major anomalies but the signif- icance of the discoveries was not great. We were Table 1 and the work done at each is described able to relocate the anomaly near Yarbrough below in the order in which the excavations were Pass, ‘‘Sandy’”’ (Hays and Herrin 1970), and carried out. ANOMALIES TESTED BY EXCAVATION BSN 1k * Use of the barge in site testing proved it to be too cumbersome for the maneuvering necessary This anomaly located near the north jetty at in test excavations. Even with the addition of its Brazos Santiago is of truly large proportions and own propulsion units and mechanical anchor-line...
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South Carolina Underwater Antiquities Act 1982 Stephenson

...artifact and fossil resources has come directly from sport divers working within the law in cooperation with Institute personnel. This reflects a high level of responsibility, acceptance, and under- standing of the vital role played by a citizen in the management of state affairs. The public is invited to visit the Institute for consultation with staff members or to inspect our facilities at any time during the regular work week. Any questions pertaining to the contents of this booklet should be addressed to the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208. Tele- phone 803-777-8170. Robert L. Stephenson State Archeologist and Director, Institute of Archeology and Anthropology University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina 29208 CONTENTS Description of the Act Title Definitions Title to Bottoms of Navigable Waters Custodian of Materials Application for License Expenditure of Funds General License Information Hobby License Search and Salvage Licenses General Provisions Search License Salvage License 10 Law Enforcement 1 11 Revocation and Appeal Penalty 11 Prima Facie Evidence 11 12 Repeal Effective Date 12 ACT NO. 365 An Act To Create The South Carolina Underwater Antiquities Act Of 1982 Which Provides For The Management Of The...
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Albright 1983 Law Amateur Resource Management Alaskan Marine Archeology Workshop

...This was by any definition, a community project, supported by amateurs. Another form of amateur support comes from an organization created a number of years ago called the South Carolina Under- water Archeological Research Council. It is composed of an insur- ance agent with law enforcement, business, and political affilia- tions, a manufacturer and builder who worked on the Brown's Ferry project, a lawyer, and a publisher and media specialist who cur- rently holds a Hobby License. The purpose of the council is to in the state and to assist the promote underwater archeology Institute in any of its activities relating to the underwater program. Over the years it has developed funding sources but N . 23 more importantly it has provided me an entree into the business and political structure of the state I would not otherwise have. Conclusion The basic goal of the archeologist is the acquisition of know- not the collection of artifacts, ledge, although the two are inextricably entwined for a major part of the learning process. South Carolina's resource management program utilizing the ama- teur in active and supportive roles, as detailed above, has already yielded major new information for the general body of...
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1987 Tyson Towle BVI Marine Archaeology Policy MelbertLtd Draft

...might be inolved, requires strict controls and vigilance to ensure that the national patrimony is not lost because of irresponsible Government must activities of the cooperating partner. Hence, closely regulate the partner‘s activities through strict License/Fermit provisions and regular supervision and inspection procedures insuring that these provisions are being complied with. Such supervision and inspection should be paid for by the partner, in the form of a License Fee, and compliance should be reinforced by provision for a large performance bond and the right of License/Fermit cancellation by Government in the event of non—compliance. In order to uphold these principles of responsible resource management , the following arrangements/procedures are recommended : Government should issue MELEBERT, LTD a non-exclusive, three year to search for shipwrecks anywhere in "Exploration Licenk territorial waters. This License does not permit any site excavation, although it does allow limited supervised, identification. sub-surface testing for purposes of wreck Government is free to issue similiar Licenses to other entities. The License does allow MELEERT to apply at any time for an three year "Excavation Permit" for exclusive rights to excavate up to three sites. Receipt of said Fmt will be guaranteed, provided MELEERT...
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GKN2NEVIS NHCS Newsletter Historical Conservation Nevis 1989

...and the Water Board, make Regulations to conserve and develop the Nation's water resources to prevent or reduce soil erosion. The objective is to mee both the presen and future water needs for domestic, agricultural, commercial, industrial and other beneficial uses. Protection of Wiid Animzls and Birds The new Act provides for a broader scope of protection to wild animals and birds. The concept of seasons relating to hunting is eliminated so that greater protection is afforded to those animals and birds, specified in a schedule to the Act, throughout the year. Antiquities and Historic Buildings The new Act provides guidelines for the protection of antiquities which include material treasures which date from a period prior to 1900. The Act defines a licensing process for excavations and salvage. The act states that the Minister shall, upon the recommendation of the Conservation Commission, prepare and maintain a list of special buildings that shall be preserved for purposes of historic and cultural value. The legal framework to protect the architectural design of certain historic buildings is defined. Enforcement The act states that the Minister may, in consultation with the Conservation Commission, make Regulations for the general protection and management of protected...
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Berkes 1985 Fishermen and Tragedy of the Commons Community Fishery Management

...in the Palau District of Micronesia. University of Cali- fornia Press, Berkeley, California, USA: xiv + 245 pp., illustr. 206 Environmental Conservation KLeg, G.A. (1980). Oceania. Pp. 245-81 in World Systems of Traditional Resource Munagement (Ed. G.A. KLEE). V.H. Winston & Sons, New York, NY, USA: ix + 290 pp., illustr. Lams, R.[P.] (1981). Learning conservation from the Bedouin. Environmental Conservation, 8(2), p. 106. McCavy, B.J. (1980). A fishermen’s cooperative, limited: indige- nous resource management in a complex society. Anthropo- logical Quarierly, 53, pp. 29-38. McGuiIr, T.R. (1983). The political economy of shrimping in the Gulf of California. Human Organization, 42, pp. 132-45. MARTIN, K.O. (1979). Play by the rules or don’t play at all: space division and resource allocation in a rural Newfoundland fishing community. Pp. 277-98 in North American Maritime Cultures (Ed. R. ANDERSEN). Mouton, The Hague, Nether- lands: xv + 365 pp., illustr. Mir, D.L. (1982). Construction of shallow-water habitat to increase lobster production in Mexico. Procecdings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 34, pp. 168-79. NIETSCHMANN, B. (1972).-Hunting and fishing forms among the Miskito Indians, eastern Nicaragua. Human Ecology, 1. pp...
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Jenkins 1973 Kung vs Utopia Critique California Tomorrow Plan

...ecological system. We could lcave large wilderness areas undeveloped, and these would act as dependable reservoirs sustaining the nat- ural ecological systems which are our buffer against environmental management mistakes. Some factors might be completely released from our controlling influences, as in the case of K-3 in the diagram, and our superhuman efforts at maintaining control systems could be reduced. We might even achieve a four-day week, or a three-day week. Why should the !Kung bushmen have it better than everybody else? With all the apparent benefits, why have we not already curbed destructive forms of growth? Part of the reason, of course, is because we are still basically a biological species and behave like a biological species, despite all our cultural and technological inventions. Most of the basic events involving our species esentially still transpire in- dependent of our unique status as intelligent beings. Our population is in a growth phase little different from that of deer when wolves are re- moved from their habitat. Resources are still allocated among members of our population on the same sort of competitive basis as prevails among songbirds. Our social hierarchies are homologous with peck orders among chickens. Therefore...
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Towle Marx Albright 1976 Shipwrecks of the Virgin Islands Inventory 1523-1825 IRF 2ndEd

...prepare a full scale comprehensive management plan for the coastal zone resources of the Virgin Islands prompt this re-issue of the original inventory with minor corrections and additions. A com- pletely revised edition extending the list to cover the period since 1825 is in preparation with the assistance of Mr. George F. Tyson, Foundation Staff Historian,and will include specific guide- lines for excavation methodologies, suggested protective legisla- tion, and charts showing the location of known wreck sites. Dr. E. L. Towle St. Thomas December, 1976 INTRODUCTION Hidden beneath rock and reef strewn waters surrounding both the American and British Virgin Islands there lies undisturbed a remarkable collection of historic shipwreck sites, offering to the marine archaeologist and historical scholar a unique assort- Covering a period ment of ship designs, types and nationalities. of time spanning more than three centuries of Caribbean maritime history, these wrecks contain important artifacts, clues and in- formation which, when excavate d and properly treated, will greatly assist our reconstruction, analysis and interpretation of the history and technology of the colonial era in the Caribbean. f sailing vessels were wrecked Actually only a small number o in these waters during the sixteent h and...
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Towle Management of Marine Archaeological Sites Eastern Caribbean IRF Workshop 1983

...of Historical Resources In Eastern Caribbean Island Development Report of A Workshop Held At Brimstone Hill, St. Kitts October 21-23, 1983 — N S by = & V By, = \ s i \ Al 1 \ N j 7 o7 N 7 ISLAND RESOURCES FOUNDATION Archival and Marine Archaeological Resources VII Presentens George F. Tyson Isand Resources Foundation (The Development of Achives and Othe Histornical Record Programs) (1) (2) Edwand L. Towle Is€and Resounces Foundation (The Management of Marine Anchaeological Sites) . VA -5 ) " 7 A L. - .9 — Y / o[ ] \ 4 " s 7% & y = NC 424 7 X W % ) 3 1z /\ 7 % 2D 5 7 AR N \ 72 > r, — B o5, Al %! \ 0/ ) AW " g 49, ' % ’ \ waters bordering Caribbean...
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Arnold1979 UnderwaterCulturalResourceManagement ComputerizedShipwreckReferenceFile Proc11thUnderwaterArchaeologyConf

...National Archives were ordered. Many secondary sources such as published lists and encyclopedias of shipwrecks have also been consulted. Examples of secondary sources include Lonsdale and Kaplan's (1964) Guide to Sunken Ships in American Waters, Berman's (1972) Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks, Shomette's (1973) Shipwrecks o f the Civil War, and Robert Marx's (1971) Shipwrecks of the Western Hemisphere. This last source includes in its bibliography a list of many other secondary sources or wreck lists (Marx, 1971:445-449). For the Gulf of Mexico, a compilation of wrecks from these and other sources was presented in Gagliano's study (Coastal Environments, Inc., 1977). While there is nothing revolutionary in the course of our research in the last year, the simple opportunity to devote the time necessary to carry it out has proved hard to come by in the past and by the same token very fruitful in the execution. At this writing, our shipwreck file now in- cludes 1539 wrecks, an increase of more than 50 percent. The implications for im- proved cultural resource management capa- bilities are obvious. Less concerted ef- forts to increase the size of this file will continue in the coming year...
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Albright 1989 Law and Amateur Underwater Archaeology SC

...to be in better condition than comparable material recov- ered from sea water. Most of the rivers are wide, some are quite deep and all except the Cooper River have a 257 S 15. The Law and the Amateur in Resource Management high tannin or particulate matter content which limits visibility severely. The Cooper River alone in the state often has 15 feet visibility. Out to the three-mile limit in the ocean visibility is almost always very poor. The general poor visibility phenomenon tends to quickly eliminate the dilettante divers, and those who persevere do so with a singleness of purpose. This personality type initially tends to oppose regulation, but upon learning how the law is applied and why, he usually becomes supportive. The small size of the state also works in our favor because it is possible for me to drive from the Institute in Columbia to the farthest part of the state to visitasite or meet with a diver in less than three hours, and to the center of diving activity around Charleston in only two hours. RESULTS 1 do not want to imply that our management tech- niques have resulted in 100% compliance by the sport...
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Berleant-Schiller 1981 Traditional and Commercial Fisheries Barbuda Caribbean Political Development

...priorities, ensuring local food supply, and estimating the species in the Gulf of Paria yielded a consistent catch that effects of change on traditional fishing. The differences and compared favorably with catches from other tropical waters, the relationships between the two fisheries are made explicit in the following discussion. but they also recognized the need for conservation. Therefore, they recommended small motorized craft only, with light seines to be used cautiously on the rough bottoms. They recommended no development along the Guiana coast: Riva Berleant-Schiller is with the Department of Anthropol- ogy, University of Connecticut, Torrington. 1 did research on although it was relatively unexploited, they found conditions unsuited to small boats, and only questionably worth the fishing and diving in Barbuda in 1971, 1973, and 1977. I thank justification of larger vessels. the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation and the The publications that emerged from this commission project State University of New York Research Foundation JSor their reiterated ihe support. A version of this paper was presented at the Interna- themes of careful management, limited resources, and the desirability of local self-sufficiency in food . S tional Symposium on Modernization in Fishing Industries and Communities in 1978, East...
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Meganck Ramdial 1984 Trinidad Tobago Cultural Parks PARKS v9n1

...Evolutionary patterns are reflected in culture, and management must also be, to a large degree, indigenous. There is no better place for this to occur than in the development of cultural parks. The nation of Trinidad and Tobago, having only gained inde- pendence in 1962, provides a microcosm of the development process. In forging its own destiny there is a conscious effort to realize the potential of its uniqueness. The country is developing at a geometric rate largely influenced by the windfall revenue from the petroleum sector in the mid 1970s. During this period progress, as measured in traditional terms, has been notable. Gross national product per capita, expendable income and avail- able leisure time have increased many times. No longer the pro- totypical sleepy Caribbean island, it has progressed rapidly from an agriculture-based economy to an industrialized nation and is foremost in the Caribbean region in financing a variety of devel- opment projects. These factors have, of course, affected some sectors negatively. Most notable has been the tremendous increase in demands from all segments of society placed on the natural resource base. One of the greatest impacts is overuse of existing outdoor recreation fa- cilities in forests and...
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Berkes 1985 Fishermen and Tragedy of the Commons Community Fishery Management

...ASSUMPTIONS ra dy has 10 be sought beyond the assumptions ol the The parable can easily be adapted for fisheries. Consider paradigm. In the ficld of fishery management, as practised in some countries, resource managers attempt to do this by a body of water which has a certain finite capacity for fish production. If the first fisherman or the first tew fishermen limiting the number of fishing licenses and by assigning to thosc fishermen who receive them a fish-catch quota with a _find fishing profitable, their success will attract other fish- ermen. In this way, more and more boats will enter the set upper limit. 199 Environmental Conservation, Vol. 12, No. 3, Autumn 1985 The Foundation for Environmental Conservatioin—Prinied in Switzerland. 200 Environmental Conservation The interesting question is, can communities of fisher- men selfregulate their fishing efforts or have practices which otherwise violate one or more of the assumptions of the model so that the tragedy would not occur? If the answer is no’, then government fishery managers should assume that fishermen behave as anarchic villains bent upon destroying their resource, and should accordingly impose measures on those [ishermen to prevent them from damaging their own livelihood. If...
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Maruca 1982 Submerged Cultural Resources Unit Protects NPS Shipwrecks Isle Royale

... and a major management headache Larry Murphy and Jerry Livingston set trail for the National Park Service. while Toni Carrell monitors their pro gress from the dive boat (right). NATIONAL PARKS J MARCH/APRIL 1982 12 @ - . <3 & S ) & . —— e = 7 Tl b 3 2 7 7 = N eep | - 5 \\ % There’s something mysteriously M f seductive about a dive into the dark, v [ = murky waters off Isle Royale, sense of excitement that builds the more one explores the depths. Isle Royale National Park, a scattering of green islands ensconced in Lake Su- perior blue, has none of the incredi- k ble coral displays or the rainbow ar- ray of fish visible in southern L waters. Rather, there’s something darker about its appeal as well as its treasures. Lake Superior is not a } place for casual divers or divers used to warmer climates. But the rewards 7, for divers skilled enough to take the plunge are outstanding. 2 W “You're dropping down through the darkness . . . and you see it—the enjoyment to divers while minimiz- ble for protecting shipwrecks as it is Emperor,” says dive boat operator, ing loss of resources is a dilemma for...
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Acheson 1981 Anthropology of Fishing Annual Review Anthropology

...has been noted repeatedly, but there have ben very few studics of the wide variety of kinship systems found in fishing societies worldwide. Finally, can the many kinds of norms and . institutions fishermen had invented to control aceess 5 and fishing procedures 367 . 2 ACHESON be used as a basis for successful resource management? The last may be the most eritical for maritime anthropology. Unless the widespread overexploi- ation of marine resources can be l there may soon be few fishing A left to y ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Most sincere thanks to my wife, Dr. Ann W. Acheson, who commented on and cdited scveral drafts of this article under houschold conditionsthat would make Bedlam seem tranquil Literature Cited 1 Abrahams, R. D. 1974, Deep the Water, Shallow the Shore. Austin: Univ. Texas Press. 125 p "~ Acheson, J. M. 1972 The territories of the lobstermen. Nat. Hist. 81:60-69 Acheson, J. M 1975. The lobster fic cconomic and ecological ellects of terr toriality in the Maine lobster industry. Hum. Ecol. 3(3):183-207 Acheson, J. M. 1975, Figheries manage- ment and social cont t: the ease o he Maine lobster tishery. Trans. Am. So 10-(4):653-08 Acheson, J...
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1991-04-15 Cummins DamageControlForMuseumCollections IRF

...or other body of water,flood plain ,large trees,adjacent structures? Any of these can create a problem. Ask your local weather bureau to help put together a climate profile for your area. Ask your local geologist /agricultural department/emergency group to help put together a topographical profile. Perhaps a local historian could help by researching the disaster history of the area. 2. Know your Building/s Analysis of your building's strengths and weaknesses are essential to planning for the safeguard of your collection. Close examination and identification of any problem areas,should be followed up by periodic inspection and a consistent repair maintenance programme developped. Does your building have skylights,roof drains,internal pipes(in walls), effective dampcourse ( a barrier against rising damp from the earth), basement ?7 Ask a local architect to help carry out a comprehensive building survey. The assistance of people familiar with plumbing and electrical wiring would also be useful. Ask your local fire chief to survey any fire protection methods and to suggest protective measures. Preventative maintenance is a must e.g clearing clogged drains ,gutters and bathrooms.A few too many leaves can create unnecessary problems. 3. Know your Resources If your...
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Albright 1972 Proton Magnetometer Marine Archaeology Virgin Islands CRI

...objective is to commence the development of a resource management plan for principal ma rine sites on the Virgin Islands plat- form, and to bring to the attention of government officials and concerned citizens the vast unused potential for historic research that lies on the ocean floor. The projected inventory would also provide a hase for fu- ture marine archaeological operations, a reservoir of known and documented wrecksites. SIGNIFICANCE It is an unfortunate fact that many Virgin Islanders are not aware, in other than vague terms, of the colourful and dynamic history of their islands, and the part played by their ancestors in their development. This has partly come about by a lack of historic raw materials irom which houses and plantations that could the past can be interpreted. The estate have yiclded physical objects of the past have been plundered and for the most part, fallen into ruin. Except for the r toration of the "Whim' Y. a Greathouse and estate huildir ngs y the St. Croix Landmark Societ private organization, there h been little effort made to save relics of the past for study and enjoyment. Few historic buildings have been even slands waters there lies partially restored...
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Ratter 1996 Resource Management Caribbean Eco-Eco-Approach

... Barker 1993); water management and agricultural development (Watts 1995); sustainable development (Pot- ter 1992; Barzetti and Rovinski (ed.) 1992; Potter and Dann 1994; Ramphall 1994); and ecotourism (Sharkey and Momsen 1995; Weaver 1994) illustrate a steady change to- wards new approaches in the study of eco- nomic development. These approaches show an increasing integration of the political, so- cial and ecological perspective. Our symposium in The Hague in August 1996 was designed to discuss these ap- proaches and to integrate the different per- spectives of society, culture, economy and ecology but also to integrate the terrestrial, coastal and marine environment. Especially on small islands, land, coast and sea have to be considered as a complex unity with a high degree of interconnectedness and interde- pendent influences. The three realms should not be separated by academic work or politi- cal decisions. Growing ecological conflicts in recent years ona local, regional and global scale com- bined with a constant decrease in the quality of life for large parts of the earth’s popula- tion have made the need for changes in de- velopment strategies substantial. The follow- ing contribution analyses resource assessment changes in the Caribbean, and illustrates the necessity for new...
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Ratter Possekel Bynoe Resource Management Caribbean EcoEco Scenarios LandUse IRF

... Barker 1993); water management and agricultural development (Watts 1995); sustainable development (Pot- ter 1992; Barzetti and Rovinski (ed.) 1992; Potter and Dann 1994; Ramphall 1994); and ecotourism (Sharkey and Momsen 1995; Weaver 1994) illustrate a steady change to- wards new approaches in the study of eco- nomic development. These approaches show an increasing integration of the political, so- cial and ecological perspective. Our symposium in The Hague in August 1996 was designed to discuss these ap- proaches and to integrate the different per- spectives of society, culture, economy and ecology but also to integrate the terrestrial, coastal and marine environment. Especially on small islands, land, coast and sea have to be considered as a complex unity with a high degree of interconnectedness and interde- pendent influences. The three realms should not be separated by academic work or politi- cal decisions. Growing ecological conflicts in recent years on a local, regional and global scale com- bined with a constant decrease in the quality of life for large parts of the earth’s popula- tion have made the need for changes in de- velopment strategies substantial. The follow- ing contribution analyses resource assessment changes in the Caribbean, and illustrates the necessity for...
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Ratter 1997 Resource Management Changes Caribbean Eco Eco Approach

... Barker 1993); water management and agricultural development (Watts 1995); sustainable development (Pot- ter 1992; Barzetti and Rovinski (ed.) 1992; Potter and Dann 1994; Ramphall 1994); and ecotourism (Sharkey and Momsen 1995; Weaver 1994) illustrate a steady change to- wards new approaches in the study of eco- nomic development. These approaches show an increasing integration of the political, so- cial and ecological perspective. Our symposium in The Hague in August 1996 was designed to discuss these ap- proaches and to integrate the different per- spectives of society, culture, economy and ecology but also to integrate the terrestrial, coastal and marine environment. Especially on small islands, land, coast and sea have to be considered as a complex unity with a high degree of interconnectedness and interde- pendent influences. The three realms should not be separated by academic work or politi- cal decisions. Growing ecological conflicts in recent years on a local, regional and global scale com- bined with a constant decrease in the quality of life for large parts of the earth’s popula- tion have made the need for changes in de- velopment strategies substantial. The follow- ing contribution analyses resource assessment changes in the Caribbean, and illustrates the necessity for...
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TIEMPO Issue4 1992 Climate Research Vietnam AOSIS GEF Development Impacts

...in a given year. During the last two decades, drought in the Delta has occurred less frequently. Most water resources in the north come from the Red River and the Thai Binh river system, with an annual flow of 137,000 million m® from which 90,000 million m” are generated in the territory of Vietnam. With the two existing Hoabinh and Thacba reservoirs, the 250-year flood (as experienced in 1971) can be kept under the critical level which is 13m (above mean sea level) at Hanoi, a level which still threatens the dyke systems in the delta. The increase in annual mean runoff and flood seasonality and the decrease in vulnerability to drought in north Vietnam predicted by climate models suggests that there are some problems still to be solved. First, the reservoir operation rules need to be reviewed and made more flexible. It is necessary to control flooding in high areas of the flood plain at the same time as avoiding the risk of filling the reservoirs too soon in the summer or not completely filling the reservoirs in the autumn. Second, coastal management will have to the be considered. With present sedimentation rate, the shoreline is...
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Vulnerability Assessment Accelerated Sea Level Rise Majuro Atoll Marshall Islands NOAA IPCC SPREP 1992

...Majuro unless major environmental management efforts are made. Significant portions of the lagoon reef flat will be reclaimed to create land or used for building materials. The urban areas, which will be larger, more dense and spread into new areas, will continue to impact reefs with solid and liquid wastes. Water quality will thus continue be degraded, with effects on coral reef and other inshore organisms. While these impacts may be localized, they often will occur where the vulnerability factor is the greatest, near the population centers themselves. If human activities disrupt coral growth, then vulnerability will not be reduced by natural factors, and more costly protective works would be needed to reduce the vulnerability. The following figures illustrate the erosion/accretion process occuring in Study Area 1. Coral has been mined on the lagoonside and erosion is occuring on both sides and is critically close to the main highway and overwash from storms is a problem. The figure also illustrates accretion occuring on both sides of the erosion zone. 593 \ Wul U W ) 2 A Erosion e-likor| Accretion % \ koda \ ~& N AAN ) | S 3 B \ ) rcg a2\ \ I Figure IV-1 Coastal Resource Atlas showing critical erosion...
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1994 UN Global Conference SIDS Barbados Declaration Programme of Action

...However, if not properly planned and managed, tourism could significantly degrade the environment on which it is so dependent. The fragility and interdependence of coastal zones and the unspoilt areas on which eco-tourism depends calls for careful management. One of the special tourist attractions of small island developing States is the distinctiveness of their cultures. The diversity and fragility of their environments are reflected in the diversity and fragility of their cultures. The protection of the former is an important condition for the protection of the latter. 40. Capital investment in tourism, particularly for the necessary infrastructure, is costly. There is usually great competition for land resources among tourism, agriculture and other land uses. Large increases in tourism and the overdevelopment of tourism in particular areas or in whole islands could be environmentally and culturally disruptive and detrimental to other valuable sectors, such as agriculture. It is imperative, therefore, that the development of tourism be carefully planned, particularly in relation to compatible land uses, water management, ‘coastal zone management and the development of parks and protected areas. Tourism, like all forms of development in the coastal zone, needs to be carefully integrated within the existing cultural and environmental constraints...
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USAID Strategies for Sustainable Development Protecting the Environment 1994

...institutions? In countries where the concern is environ- mentally harmful urbanization practices: Have urban land-use plans been developed in con- sultation with affected businesses and communities and implemented? Have local governments adopted, implemented, and enforced integrated solid and liquid waste management programs? Are the levels of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment before discharge increasing? In countries where the concern is environ- mentally harmful industrial and energy practices: Have ambient levels of air and water pollution been reduced in target airsheds and water bodies? Have pollution-related public health conditions, including the incidence of lead- and 14 R ......................................................... STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DeveLoment —_— heavy metal-poisoning, improved? Have indus- tries implemented pollution prevention and control strategies? Have government subsidies or other policies that encourage inefficient and envi- ronmentally harmful industrial practices or activi- ties been reformed? Have policies for energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fuel switching been implemented? Have e nergy production controls? facilities adopted appropriat € environmental In countries where the concern is environ- mentally harmful natural resources man- agement and land-use practices: Have rates of deforestation been reduced? Have subsidies or other policies that encourage deforestation been reformed? Have conservation strategies been implemented for watersheds, critical €ecosystems...
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1993 UNESCO MehirAshraf Statement PreparatoryCommittee SIDS Conference

...building in water resource management and hydrology since the International Hydrological Decade was launched in 1965. UNESCO complements training activities by strengthening university marine science department and research facilities. In addition, UNESCO established global research networks to promote cooperative research activities in coastal marine science. Since it was launched by UNESCO and the United in the Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1975, International Environmental Education Programme (IEEP) has led efforts to promote environmental education. Moreover, I should like to emphasize the important role of three other areas of competence of UNESCO in the context of sustainable development of small island developing and human culture and countries: the social sciences, communication. The two main thrusts of UNESCO’s programmes in social and human sciences are the reinforcement of institutional capacity in the social sciences, notably with regard to research and training in developing countries, and the setting up of the International Social Science Research "Management of Social Transformation" Programme entitled international (MOST) , as a major undertaking to foster comparative research and transfer of scientific information for policy-making related to development. Madame Chairperson, UNESCO proposes that particular attention be given to studies on the interrelationships between population dynamics, environment, natural resources and...
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UN Regional Technical Meeting Report SIDS Atlantic Caribbean Mediterranean Port of Spain 1993

...response, strategies and their financial adaptation implications. Provide improved access to financial resources for the develoment and implementation of response adaptation strategies recognising the specific vulnerabilities and disproportionate costs borne by small island developing states. International Initiatives es -42- the of Support implementation systems for systematic and continuous research, assessment and monitoring of the effects of climate change and its impacts. Support multi-disciplinary research and monitoring programmes to further substantiate the role of the ocean in world climate. Promote and support the collection and exchange of tidal and other relevant information of SIDS and low-1lying coastal developing states in relation to climate change including their participation in the Global Level of Sea Surface (GLOSS) Programme of the IOC. Support programmes to monitor the impact of salt water/fresh water interface, including that resulting from sea level rise on the fresh water resources of SIDS and low-lying coastal developing states. Facilitate effective precautionary and response strategies to climate change. Support affected SIDS in the context of international efforts to combat desertification and drought. =43- s POLLUTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT o LAND-BASED SOURCES OF POLLUTION Categories of Land-based sources of waste and pollution identified were . A. Liquid...
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EARTHMAP Design Study Implementation Plan Global Environment Technology Foundation 1995

...conditions. Geographic information on environmental conditions, resources, and population needs is indispensable in determining the projected beneficiaries and adverse impacts of major projects, such as large dams. GIS tools can be turned to the task of defining strategies and priorities, particularly where “what if 3 \ y & pr W \ \ Ok A 4 scenarios (e.g., outcomes of various op- tions) are to be analyzed. The geo- referencing of field activities is also needed for project coordination to achieve maximum results at lowest cost. To realize GIS potential as a program management tool, a georeferenced data- base of supported activities must be cre- ated. USAID has recently initiated work to locate site-specific actions or digitize the boundaries of actions over large areas, with the aim of creating an electronic atlas and directory of georeferenced sustainable development activities. In addition to providing a geographic overview for planning and coordination, the databases associated with the georeferenced activi- ties can be used in monitoring and assess- ing program impacts. The World Bank has also created a GIS unit in the Land and Water Division of the Environment De- partment. In addition to on-going assess- ment for loans and preliminary environ- mental impacts, georeferencing...
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